Ch. 21: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation (Notes)

Question 0

What is the effect of GH on long bone growth called in children and adolescents?

Answer 0

giantism

Question 1

What is DI caused by?

Answer 1

insufficient secretion of ADH

Question 2

What is the cardinal symptom of SIADH?

Answer 2

thirst

Question 3

____ are usually benign, slow-growing tumors.

Answer 3

pituitary adenomas

Question 4

What is an autoimmune disease that results in stimulation of the thyroid gland?

Answer 4

Graves’ disease

Question 5

Although rare, ____ is the most common endocrine malignancy.

Answer 5

thyroid carcinoma

Question 6

T/F: Statistically, type 1 diabetes is more common than type 2.

Answer 6

FALSE…Type 2 is more common.

Question 7

What is the most common cause of deficient parathyroid hormone secretion?

Answer 7

trauma to the parathyroid gland related to thyroid surgery

Question 8

Type I diabetes involves….whereas type II is related to…..

Answer 8

type I - the destruction of pancreatic beta cells

type II - insulin resistance of the body’s tissue cells

Question 9

_____ is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release.

Answer 9

SIADH

Question 10

What are the symptoms of SIADH a result of?

Answer 10

dilutional hyponatremia and water retention

Question 11

What is a common cause of elevated levels of ADH secretion?

Answer 11

ectopically produced ADH

Question 12

DI is a result of ______.

Answer 12

insufficient ADH

Question 13

A man with a closed head injury has a urine output of 6 - 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal limits but his ADH level is low. Although he has had no intake for 4 hours, there is no change in his polyuria. What are these findings indicative of?

Answer 13

neurogenic DI

Question 14

What does a diagnosis of SIADH require?

Answer 14

1. a serum sodium level <280 mOsm/kg

3. urine hyperosmolarity

Question 15

DI, DM, and SIADH all exhibit _____.

Answer 15

thirst

Question 16

What is a result of dysfunctional ADH synthesis caused by a lesion of the posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, or pituitary stalk?

Answer 16

neurogenic DI

Question 17

____ is associated with an insensitivity of the renal collecting tubules to ADH.

Answer 17

Nephrogenic DI

Question 18

What are the basic criteria for diagnosing DI?

Answer 18

low urine specific gravity while sodium levels are high

PROTEIN levels are NOT considered*

Question 19

How is neurogenic DI treated?

Answer 19

with ADH replacement therapy

Question 20

What is the term correctly associated with the lack of ALL anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 20

panhypopituitarism

Question 21

Pressure on the ____ causes a variety of visual disturbances.

Answer 21

optic chiasm

Question 22

The pressure produced by the tumor on neighboring anterior pituitary cells results in the hyposecretion of….

Answer 22

1. GH
2. Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
3. TSH
4. ACTH

Question 23

What is the terms for adults who have been exposed to continuously high levels of GH?

Answer 23

Acromegaly

Question 24

What is the hallmark of a prolactinoma?

Answer 24

the sustained elevation of serum prolactin that is responsible for the symptomatology referred to in the stem.

Question 25

The pathology of______indicates that normal regulatory mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH.

Answer 25

Graves' disease

Question 26

The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include....

Answer 26

hyperthermia and tachycardia

Question 27

High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins are found in more than 95% of individuals experiencing_____.

Answer 27

Graves' disease

Question 28

The hyperfunction of the thyroid gland leads to suppression of ____ because of the normal negative feedback mechanism.

Answer 28

TSH

Question 29

Graves' disease is characterized by...

Answer 29

a diffused enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 30

One of the causes of hypothyroidism is....

Answer 30

a deficiency of endemic iodine

Question 31

The lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in....

Answer 31

1. constipation 2. bradycardia 3. lethargy

Question 32

What is the most common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism because of the resulting hyperphosphatemia that stimulates PTH secretion?

Answer 32

chronic renal failure

Question 33

In hypothyroidism, a lack of circulating PTH causes a _____ resulting in the symptomatology.

Answer 33

depressed serum calcium level

Question 34

A man with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following lab values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; urine glucose and ketones positive; serum K+ 2 mEq/L; serum Na+ 130 mEq/L. He reports that he has been sick with the "flu" for 1 wk. What do you suspect is his problem?

Answer 34

decreased glucose use | - this causes increase in fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis all of which he has.

Question 35

T/F: Glucose accumulates in the blood and appears in the urine as the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded, producing an osmotic diuresis and the symptoms of polyuria and thirst.

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

What is one of the basic pathophysiologies of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 36

the development of insulin-resistant tissue cells

Question 37

Lila (a pt. with type 1 diabetes) experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. the most likely cause of these symptoms is _____, which is often caused by a lack of systemic glucose resulting from muscular activity.

Answer 37

hypoglycemia

Question 38

What is the result of a compensatory mechanism directed at eliminating metabolic acidosis?

Answer 38

hyperkalemia

Question 39

____ is ONLY seen in DKA.

Answer 39

Kussmaul respirations

Question 40

Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is seen only in_____.

Answer 40

the Somogyi effect

Question 41

What is the first manifestation of this form of renal failure? (?? What Butler had)

Answer 41

Microalbuminuria

Question 42

What is common in individuals with DM because of increases in LDLs and TGs?

Answer 42

Hyperlipidemia

Question 43

What are a result of capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia?

Answer 43

Microvascular complications

Question 44

What appears to be a response to retinal ischemia and RBC aggregation?

Answer 44

retinopathy