Ch. 21: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation (Slides)

Question 0

Target cell failure is a result of receptor-associated disorders. What are some of these disorders?

Answer 0

1. decrease in number of receptors
2. impaired receptor function
3. presence of Ab against specific receptors
4. Ab that mimic hormone action
5. unusual expression of receptor function

Question 1

What are 4 causes of elevated or depressed hormone levels?

Answer 1

1. failure of feedback systems
2. dysfunction of an endocrine gland
3. altered hormone inactivation/degradation
4. ectopic hormone release

Question 2

Intracellular disorders are a result of….

Answer 2

1. inadequate synthesis of a second messenger

2. failure of the target cell to produce anticipated hormonal response.

Question 3

What is the most common cause of SIADH?

Answer 3

Ectopic secretion of ADH

Question 4

For diagnosis of SIADH, what must exist?

Answer 4

normal adrenal and thyroid function

Question 5

What are 3 clinical manifestations of SIADH?

Answer 5

1. enhanced renal water retention
2. hyponatremia
3. hypoosmolarity

Question 6

What is DI due to?

Answer 6

insufficiency of ADH

Question 7

What are the major clinical features of DI?

Answer 7

Polyuria and polydipsia

Question 8

The pituitary is vascular and therefore vulnerable to….

Answer 8

ischemia and infarction

Question 9

What are the 3 causes of pituitary infarction?

Answer 9

1. sheehan syndrome
2. hemorrhage
3. shock

Question 10

What are 3 manifestations of hyperpituitarism?

Answer 10

1. headache and fatigue
2. visual changes
3. hyposecretion of neighboring anterior pituitary hormones

Question 11

A 45 yr. old male walks into the clinic presenting with an enlarged tongue, kyphosis, protrusion of the lower jaw and forehead and states he has noticed a need for increasingly larger sizes of shoes, hats, rings, and gloves. As a PA, what do you suspect this patient has?

Answer 11

acromegaly

Question 12

Hypersecretion of prolactin is caused by….

Answer 12

prolactinomas

Question 13

What do increased levels of prolactin in females cause?

Answer 13

1. amenorrhea
2. galactorrhea
3. hirsutism
4. osteopenia

Question 14

A 33 yr old WM presents to the clinic with hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, impaired libido, oligospermia, and diminished ejaculate volume. Being the skilled PA that Nixy is, she immediately knows she should test for what?

Answer 14

increased levels of prolactin

Question 15

pretibial myxedema is associated with….

Answer 15

Graves’ disease

Question 16

myxedema coma is associated with…

Answer 16

Hypothyroidism

Question 17

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 17

excess secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid glands

Question 18

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism a result of?

Answer 18

increase in PTH secondary to a chronic disease

Question 19

What clinical manifestations are present with hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 19

1. hypercaciuria
2. alkaline urine
3. hyperphosphaturia

Question 20

Which cells are present in the pancreas due to Type 1 DM?

Answer 20

macrophages, T & B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

Question 21

A 5 yr old is brought to her PA by her mother. Her mother complains that the little girl is constantly hungry and thirsty but yet has not gained any weight. She also says the child has to urinate frequently and appears tired all the time. Being the super PA that Heather is, she knows that the child has…

Answer 21

Type 1 DM

Question 22

This fat ass 35 yr old AAF presents to the clinic. She complains of needing a cold pop all the time and being too fat to work. Being the PA that stereotypes all there patients like we learn we do in CCM, what does the patient have?

Answer 22

Type 2 DM (thought you might need a laugh!!)

Question 23

DKA is usually associated with which type of DM?

Answer 23

Type I DM

Question 24

What are 4 characteristics of hyperosmolar hypergylcemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)?

Answer 24

1. usually associated with Type 2 DM
2. higher glucose
3. less ketosis
4. severe dehydration and potassium deficit

Question 25

What are 3 characteristics of the Somogyi effect?

Answer 25

1. usually associated with Type I DM
2. hypoglycemia with rebound hyperglycemia
3. not as common as once thought

Question 26

What is the Dawn phenomenon?

Answer 26

early morning glucose elevation WITHOUT nocturnal hypoglycemia
- related to nocturnal GH elevation

Question 27

What are 3 forms of macrovascular disease that are complications of DM?

Answer 27

1. coronary artery disease
2. stroke
3. peripheral arterial disease

Question 28

A disorder of the adrenal cortex involving excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH

Answer 28

Cushing disease

Question 29

A disorder of the adrenal cortex involving excessive levels of cortisol, regardless of the cause

Answer 29

Cushing syndrome

Question 30

What is the primary form of adrenocortical hypofunction known as?

Answer 30

Addison disease

Question 31

What 2 disorders of the adrenal cortex are due to hypersecretion of adrenal androgens and estrogens?

Answer 31

1. feminization

2. virilization

Question 32

What is adrenal medulla hyperfunction caused by?

Answer 32

tumors derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 33

Pheochromocytomas secrete _____ on a continuous or episodic basis.

Answer 33

catecholamines