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Microbiology > Ch 3 Book > Flashcards

Ch 3 Book Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

what is a micrometer

A

10^-6

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2
Q

what is a nanometer

A

10^-9

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3
Q

this is the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

A

light microscopy

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4
Q

series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination

A

compound light microscopy

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5
Q

what is a compound light microscope used for

A

to examine very small specimens and fine detail

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6
Q

this is the light source of a microscope

A

illuminator

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7
Q

these are the lenses closest to the specimen(primary)

A

objective lenses

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8
Q

this focuses light through the specimen on a microscope

A

condenser

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9
Q

this is the eyepiece that re-magnifies the image formed by the objective lens

A

ocular lens

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10
Q

this is the objective times the ocular

A

total magnification

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11
Q

this is the resolving power or ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail in structure (two points of a specified distance apart)

A

resolution

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12
Q

_______ the wavelength of light used in the instrument, the ______ the resolution

A

shorter; greater

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13
Q

the substance in which the specimen are suspended

A

medium

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14
Q

measure of the light, bending ability of a medium

this can change with staining

A

refractive index

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15
Q

specimen illuminated against light background

A

brightfield illumination

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16
Q

this is used to examine live microorganisms that either are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods or are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified

A

dark field microscopy

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17
Q

what is an example of something darkfield is used for

A

very thin spirochetes like Treponema pallidum

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18
Q

this permits detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms; uses refractive indexes (one beam)

A

phase contrast microscopy

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19
Q

is it necessary to fix or stain the specimen in phase contrast

A

no

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20
Q

relative brightness

A

reinforcement

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21
Q

relative darkness

A

interference

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22
Q

scattering of light rays as they touch a specimen

A

diffraction

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23
Q

this uses refractive indexes and two beams of light; prisms split each light beam and adds contrast

A

differential interference contrast

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24
Q

describe DIC

A

high resolution, brightly colored, 3D

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25
this takes advantage of fluorescence
fluorescence microscopy
26
ability of a substance to absorb short wavelengths of light (ultraviolet) and give off light at a longer wavelength(visible)
fluorescence
27
what happens if a specimen does not naturally fluoresce
then stained with fluorochromes
28
AKA immunofluorescence | diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorchromes and viewed through fluorescence microscope
fluorescent antibody (FA) technique
29
natural defense molecules that re produced by humans and animals in reaction to a foreign substance
antibodies
30
foreign substance
antigen
31
technique in light microscopy used to reconstruct 3D images, specimen are stained with fluorochrome so they will emit light
confocal microscopy
32
describe confocal
do not illuminate entire field uses a pinhole aperture used in conjunction with computer(stack image and makes 3D)
33
used to evaluate cellular physiology by monitoring the distributions and concentrations of substances such as ATP
confocal
34
specimen are stained with fluorochrome, uses long wavelength and two photons, track activity of cells in real time
two photon microscopy
35
consists of interpreting the action of a sound wave sent through a specimen used to study living cells attached to another surface
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)
36
used for objects smaller than 2 um beam of electrons is used instead of light greatest resolving power due to shorter wavelengths of electrons
electron microscopy
37
always produce white and back images (may be colored artificially), uses electromagnetic lenses
electron microscopy
38
finely focused beam of electrons from an electron gun passes through a specially prepared section of the specimen
transmission (TEM)
39
what uses electromagnetic lenses to control illumination, focus, and magnification
transmission
40
usually placed on a mesh grid | contrast is enhanced with staining
transmission
41
why is negative staining useful
for the study of the very smallest specimen(like viruses, flagella, and proteins)
42
what does micrograph usually mean
final image
43
why is transmission valuable
it has high resolution and good for examining different layers of specimen
44
this overcomes the problem of sectioning associated with a transmission electron microscope
scanning (SEM)
45
describe scanning
provides 3D views of specimen, useful in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses
46
uses various kinds of probes to examine the surface of a specimen using electric current(does not modify specimen or expose it to damaging radiation)
scanned probe microscopes
47
this uses a thin metal probe that scans a specimen and produces an image revealing the bumps and depressions of the atoms on the specimens surface
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
48
what is STM used for
to provide incredibly detailed view of molecules, has a very high resolving power(greater than electron)
49
a metal and diamond probe is gently forced down on the specimen as it moves on the specimens surface its movements are recorded and a 3D image is produced
atomic force microscopy (AFM)
50
what is AFM used for
used to image both biological substances and molecular processes
51
this is coloring the microorganisms with dye that emphasizes certain structures
staining
52
microorganisms must be attached to slide before staining can begin this kills microorganisms and preserves them in their natural state
fixed
53
how is fixing generally done
passed through bunsen burner
54
this is the film that is spread over the surface of the slide
smear
55
without fixing the stain what may occur
stain may wash the microbes off the slide
56
what are stains composed of
positive and negative ions
57
color is in the positive ion
basic dyes
58
color is in the negative ion(not attracted to most bacteria)
acidic dyes
59
why is it important that most bacteria are slightly negative
the colored positive ion in basic dyes is attracted to the negatively charged bacterial cell
60
what are the basic dyes(more commonly used than acidic)
crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green, and safranin
61
what do acidic dyes stain
colors of the background since repelled by bacteria
62
describe negative staining
preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background | valuable for observing shape, size, and capsule of cell
63
what are the three staining techniques
simple, differential, and special
64
an aqueous solution of a single basic dye
simple stain
65
what is the purpose of a simple stain
to highlight the entire microorganism so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible
66
this is the chemical added to solution to intensify the stain, increases the affinity of a stain, also coats structures and makes thicker
mordant
67
these react differently with different types of bacteria and thus are used to distinguish them
differential stains
68
what are the most frequently used differential stains for bacteria
gram stain and acid fast stain
69
this is one of the most useful staining procedures as it classifies bacteria into two large groups
gram stain
70
what is the pneumonic device to remember order of gram stain procedure
publix makes dope cookies
71
if bacteria remain purple
gram positive
72
if bacteria turn pink
gram negative
73
what is most consistent when used on young growing bacteria
gram reaction
74
this binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in cell walls
acid fast stain
75
what are acid fast stains primarily used to identify
mycobacterium (tuberculosis and leprosy)
76
what dye is used in acid fast stain and why
carbolfuchsion (red dye) because acid fast microorganisms reatin it as it is more soluble in their cell wall lipids than in acid alcohol
77
how are non acid fast bacteria identified
their cell wall lack lipids so carbolfuschion is removed (become colorless) and cells appear blue after counterstain is applied
78
these are used to color and isolate specific parts of microorganisms(like flagella and endospores) and to reveal the presence of capsules
special stains
79
determing the presence of a capsule means determining the organism's _______
virulence
80
degree to which a pathogen can cause disease
virulence
81
what is more difficult than any other staining process
capsule staining
82
special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions
endospore
83
how do endospores become stained
malachite green, then heated(which helps penetrate wall), then safranin, endospore remains green and cell surrounding it is pink

Microbiology (26 decks)

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