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Principles of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

all interactions of one species with one another

A

symbiosis

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2
Q

often used to identify mutualisms

A

symbiosis

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3
Q

Both organisms benefit from interaction

A

mutualisms

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4
Q

One organism benefits and the other is

neither harmed nor helped

A

commensalism

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5
Q

Organism that benefits

A

commensal

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6
Q

example of commensalism

A

Surface microbes on plants or

animals

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7
Q

One organism gains and the other is harmed

A

parasitism

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8
Q

Often difficult to distinguish from predation

Can be used as a form of biological control

A

parasitism

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9
Q

microorganisms found growing on body

surfaces of healthy individuals; permanently colonize the host

A

Normal Microbiota

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10
Q

what does normal microbiota protect through

A

competitive exclusion

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11
Q

Sites of Colonization by Normal Flora

A

eyes, mouth, skin, large intestine, and urinary and reproductive systems

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12
Q

The addition of microbes to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value

A

probiotics

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13
Q

non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host

A

prebiotics

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14
Q

Oligosaccharide polymers that
are not processed until they
enter large intestine

A

prebiotics

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15
Q

Combination of prebiotics and

probiotics in single supplement

A

Synbiotic System

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16
Q

limits colonization of gut by the process of

competitive exclusion

A

PREEMPT(benefit of probiotics)

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17
Q

Colonization of the body by pathogens

A

infection

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18
Q

impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital functions

A

disease

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19
Q

Disease that is caused by microorganisms

A

Infectious disease

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20
Q

A disease that is not

transmitted from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable disease

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21
Q

A disease that is spread from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

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22
Q

A disease that is easily spread

from one host to another

A

Contagious disease

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23
Q

A change in body function that is felt by a

patient as a result of disease

A

symptom

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24
Q

A change in a body that can be measured or

observed as a result of disease

A

sign

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25
A specific group of signs and symptoms that | accompany a disease
syndrome
26
Usually short in duration Host may develop long-lasting immunity Result in productive infections
Acute Infections
27
Viruses (pathogen) continually present in host | Can be divided into three categories
Persistent Infections
28
three categories of persistent infections
latent, chronic, and slow
29
Infection is followed by symptomless period, Virus stops reproducing and remains dormant for some time symptoms, antivirus-antibodies, and viruses are not detectable
Latent infections
30
Infectious particles are again detected
reactivation
31
examples of reactivation/latency
Herpes simplex viruses (cold sores) | Shingles (zoster)
32
Infectious agent can be detected at all times Disease may be present or absent during extended times or may develop late
chronic
33
example of chronic infection
Hepatitis C
34
Infectious agent gradually increases in amount over long period of time
slow infections
35
Two groups of infectious agents cause slow infections
Lentiviruses (retroviruses) which include HIV | and Prions
36
occurs occasionally in a population (or at irregular | intervals)
Sporadic disease
37
sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease | usually focal or in a limited segment of population
outbreak
38
constantly present in a population
endemic
39
acquired by many hosts in a given area | in a short time
epidemic
40
Increase in disease occurrence within large | population over wide region (usually worldwide)
pandemic
41
Fraction of a population that contracts a | disease during a specific time
incidence
42
Fraction of a population having a specific | disease at a given time
prevalence
43
Mapped the occurrence of | cholera in London 1848
John Snow
44
Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever 1846
Ignaz Semmelweis
45
Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus 1858
Florence Nightingale
46
plays important role in isolation and identification of | pathogen
Clinical microbiology lab
47
location from which pathogen is immediately | transmitted to host
source
48
site or natural environmental location in which pathogen normally resides sometimes functions as source of pathogen
reservoir
49
the important animate | sources of the pathogen
human hosts
50
(infected host)
carriers
51
harbors pathogen a short time
casual carrier
52
harbors pathogen for long periods of time
chronic carrier
53
harbors pathogen but is not yet ill
incubatory carrier
54
has overt clinical case of disease
active carrier
55
has recovered from disease but continues to | harbor large numbers of pathogen
convalescent carrier
56
harbors pathogen but is not ill
healthy carrier
57
Sources/Reservoirs
animal, water, air, soil, and food
58
Four main routes of pathogen transmission
Contact Airborne Vehicle vector-borne
59
coming together or touching of | source/reservoir and host
contact transmission
60
intermediate contact common objects such as tissues, bedding, eating utensils, toys, books
fomites
61
inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission single vehicle spreads pathogen to multiple hosts e.g., water and food
vehicle transmission
62
passive carriage of pathogen on body of vector | no growth of pathogen during transmission
external transmission
63
carried within vector
internal transmission
64
pathogen does not undergo changes | within vector
harborage transmission
65
pathogen undergoes changes within vector
biologic transmission
66
two main factors of host susceptibility
defense mechanisms of host | pathogenicity of pathogen
67
movement of pathogen to portal of exit | Example: parasitic helminths
active escape
68
excretion in feces, urine, droplets, saliva, or desquamated cells Mode most frequently used by microoganisms
passive escape
69
first step in controlling epidemics
Reduce or eliminate source or reservoir of infection
70
second step in controlling epidemics
Break connection between source and susceptible | individual
71
third step in controlling epidemics
Reduce number of susceptible individuals (raise the | level of herd immunity
72
acquired due to hospital stay | affects 5-15 % of hospital patients
nosocomial infections

Microbiology (26 decks)

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