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Ch1 Book Flashcards

1
Q

minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

microbes aka microorganisms

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2
Q

what do microbes include

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses

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3
Q

are microbes beneficial

A

yes the majority actually help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment

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4
Q

these are disease producing

A

pathogenic

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5
Q

this is a system for naming organisms

A

nomenclature

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6
Q

this was established in 1735 by Carolous Linnaeus

A

nomenclature

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7
Q

how does nomenclature assign names

A

genus (first name always capitalized) and species (follows and is not capitalized)

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8
Q

these are simple, single celled(unicellular) organisms that do not have genetic material enclosed in a nuclear membrane

A

bacteria

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9
Q

what do prokaryotes include

A

bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

this is rodlike bacteria

A

bacillus

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11
Q

this is spherical/ovoid bacteria

A

coccus

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12
Q

this is corckscrew or curved bacteria

A

spiral

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13
Q

this is a carbohydrate and protein complex in cell walls that enclose bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

this is the main substance of plant and algal cell walls

A

cellulose

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15
Q

bacterial reproduction that involves dividing into two equal parts

A

binary fission

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16
Q

appendage bacteria use to swim with

A

flagella

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17
Q

these consist of prokaryotic cells, have cell walls but do not have peptidoglycan

A

archaea

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18
Q

these are a type of archaea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

methanogens

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19
Q

these are a type of archaea that live in extremely salty environments

A

extreme halophiles

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20
Q

these are a type of archaea that live in hot sulfurous water

A

extreme thermophiles

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21
Q

these are not known to cause disease in humans

A

archaea

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22
Q

these are unicellular, eukaryotic, a variety of shapes and move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

A

protozoa

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23
Q

these move by using extensions of their cytoplasm

A

amebae

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24
Q

these live as free entities or parasites, some are photosynthetic and can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

protozoa

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25
these are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and are unicellular
algae
26
how do algae reproduce
sexually and asexually
27
what composes the cell walls of algae
cellulose
28
what do algae produce and why is it important
oxygen and carbohydrates, important to the balance of nature
29
these can only be seen with an electron microscope and are acellualr
viruses
30
what does acellualr mean
not cellular
31
what is the core of viruses made of
nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) and surrounded by a protein coat(lipid membrane=envelope)
32
are viruses considered living
only when they multiply within the hose they infect(inert ourtide living hosts)
33
what are animal parasites
eukaryotic
34
two groups of animal parasites are what
flat worms and round worms(helminths)
35
who devised a system based on cellular organization of an organism and when
Carl Woese in 1978
36
these have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan
bacteria
37
these have cell walls(if present) that lack peptidoglycan
archaea
38
what does eukrya include
protists, fungi, plants and animals
39
in 1665 he used compound microscope to see individual cells this marked the beginning of cell theory
robert hooke
40
all living things are composed of cells
cell theory
41
he observed live microbes between 1673-1723 and made detailed drawings of animalcules that represent bacteria and protozoa
anton van leeuvenhoek
42
belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter
spontaneous generation
43
he tried to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously in 1668
francesco redi
44
in 1745 he found that even after heating nutrient fluid the flasks held microorganisms
john needham
45
claim that living cells can arise fro preexisting living cells
biogenesis
46
in 1861 his curved neck trapped any airborne microorganisms that might contaminate the broth
Louis Pasteur
47
techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
aseptic techniques
48
when was the golden age of microbiology and what did it do
1857-1914 and it established microbiology as a science
49
yeast converts sugars to alcohol in the absence of air used to make wine and beer bacteria can change alcohol into vinegar
fermentation
50
reduce spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk and some alcohols
pasteurization
51
principle that microorganisms cause disease
germ theory of disease
52
aka carbolic acid kills bacteria began being used in 1860s to treat surgical wounds
phenol
53
in 1876 he discovered bacteria actually causes disease | discovered bacillus
robert koch
54
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
antibiotics
55
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab
synthetic drugs
56
example of synthetic drug
penicillin, antibiotic produced by a fungus
57
study of bacteria
bacteriology
58
study of fungi
mycology
59
parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
60
the study of all of an organism's genes
genomics
61
study of immunity
immunology
62
study of viruses
virology
63
showed that fragments of animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA
Paul Berg
64
a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources
recombinant DNA
65
mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
microbial genetics
66
studies how genetic info is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
molecular biology
67
are microorganisms pathogenic
only a small minority, most benefit humans and plants
68
what is the only thing that can naturally convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form available to plants and animals
bacteria
69
inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
gene therapy
70
the ability to ward off disease
resistance
71
complex aggregation of microbes
biofilm
72
disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host
infectious disease
73
diseases that are new and are increasing
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
74
disease that affects large number of individuals in a short period of time and occurs worldwide
global pandemic disease
75
what has become a global health crisis
antibiotic resistant bacteria

Microbiology (26 decks)

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