Ch 5 Metabolism Part 2

Question 1

most of the energy released during what is trapped within the cell by the formation of ATP

Answer 1

redox reaction

Question 2

this is the addition of a phosphate group to a chemical compound
there are three mechanisms of this to generate ATP from ADP

Answer 2

phosphorylation

Question 3

ATP is generated when a high energy phosphate group is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP (glycolysis)

Answer 3

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 4

electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of electron carriers (typically NAD+ and FAD)

Answer 4

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 5

sequence of electron carriers used in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

electron transport chain

Question 6

transfer of electrons from one electron carrier to the next releases energy

Answer 6

chemiosmosis

Question 7

occurs only in photosynthetic cells

converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH(used to synthesize organic molecules)

Answer 7

photophosphorylation

Question 8

this is the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy (important in metabolism)

Answer 8

carbohydrate catabolism

Question 9

what is the most common carbohydrate energy source

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

to produce energy from glucose microbes use what

Answer 10

cellular respiration and fermentation

Question 11

this is oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid (splitting of sugar)
first stage in carbohydrate catabolism

Answer 11

glycolysis

Question 12

does glycolysis require oxygen

Answer 12

no

Question 13

how much ATP starts glycolysis and how much is generated

Answer 13

starts with 2 ATP, ends with 4

Question 14

what is the net gain of ATP for each molecule of glucose that is oxidized

Answer 14

2 molecules of ATP

Question 15

this operates simultaneously with glycolysis and provides a means for the breakdown of 5 carbon sugars as well as glucose

Answer 15

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 16

what does pentose phosphate pathway produce

Answer 16

important intermediate pentoses used in the synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from CO2 in photosynthesis, and certain amino acids

Question 17

what is pentose phosphate pathway an important producer of

Answer 17

the reduced coenzyme NADPH from NADP+

Question 18

this produces two molecules of NADPH and one molecule of ATP for use in cellular biosynthetic reactions
no glycolysis, found in some gram neg

Answer 18

entner doudoroff pathway

Question 19

what can entner doudoroff pathway metabolize without

Answer 19

glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway

Question 20

this is an ATP generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

Answer 20

cellular respiration

Question 21

what are the two types of cellular respiration

Answer 21

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 22

what do the types of cellular respiration depend on

Answer 22

whether an organism is an aerobe (O2) or an anaerobe (no O2)

Question 23

in this respiration the final electron acceptor is O2

Answer 23

aerobic respiration

Question 24

in this respiration the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

Answer 24

anaerobic respiration

Question 25

this is a series of biochemical reactions in which the large amount of potential chemical energy stored in acetyl CoA is released step by step

Answer 25

Krebs cycle (TCA)

Question 26

in the Krebs cycle what is oxidized and what is reduced

Answer 26

pyruvic acid derivatives are oxidized and coenzymes are reduced

Question 27

can pyruvic acid enter the krebs cycle directly

Answer 27

no, must lose one molecule of CO2 (decarboxylation)

Question 28

what is NAD+ reduced to in the krebs cycle

Answer 28

NADH

Question 29

what does the krebs cycle produce

Answer 29

2 NADH2, 6 NADH, ATP and CO2

Question 30

this consists of a sequence of carrier molecules that are capable of oxidation and reduction

Answer 30

electron transport chain

Question 31

what is the goal of the electron transport chain

Answer 31

to release energy as electrons are transferred from higher energy compounds to lower energy compounds

Question 32

what are the three classes of carrier molecules

Answer 32

flavproteins, cytochromes, ubiquinones

Question 33

these are capable of performing alternating oxidations and reductions

Answer 33

flavoproteins

Question 34

small nonprotein carriers

Answer 34

ubiquinones (coenzyme Q)

Question 35

the mechanism of ATP synthesis using the electron transport chain energy released when a substance moves along a gradient is used to synthesize ATP

Answer 35

chemiosmosis