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Microbiology > Prokaryotic Outline > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Outline Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A

Exist in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and cellular aggregation patterns
Simpler structure than eukaryotic cells
Has unique structures not observed in eukaryotes

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2
Q

may occur as individuals, groups of 2 or more cells or chains, tetrads, clusters
may divide in 1 or more planes
circular

A

cocci

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3
Q

rod shaped cells
coccobacilli
vibrio
single or may form short chains

A

bacillus

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4
Q

curved rods -

A

vibrio

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5
Q

may be “coccoid” in shape (very short rods)

A

coccobacilli

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6
Q

rigid spiral shaped

Spirochetes

A

spirilla

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7
Q

– flexible helices

A

Spirochetes

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8
Q

network of long, multinucleate filaments

A

mycelia

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9
Q

other weird shapes

A

Squares, Star-shapes, Triangular

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10
Q

many shapes

A

pleomorphic

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells may form ______ after cell division

A

groupings

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12
Q

Cells _______ _______ after cell division for characteristic arrangements

A

adhere together

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13
Q

Arrangement depends on

A

plane of division

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14
Q

Division along a single plane may result in pairs of cells or

A

diplococci

Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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15
Q

Division along a single plane may result in chains of cells

A

streptococci

Example: species of Streptococcus

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16
Q

Division along two or three perpendicular planes form _____ or __________

A

tetrads;cubical packets

17
Q

Division along several random planes form

A

clusters

18
Q

Some bacteria live in groups with other bacterial cells; They form ________

A

multicellular associations

19
Q

examples of multicellular associations

A

myxobacteria, cyanobacteria

20
Q

what are the basic cell components

A 
Cell wall 
Cell membrane
Cytoplasmic matrix
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
Nucleoid
External features (at least for some bacteria)
21
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Walls

A
  • Rigid structure lying just outside the plasma membrane
  • Mycoplasms and some Archaea lack cell walls
  • Provides characteristic shape to cell
  • Protects the cell from osmotic breakdown
22
Q

gram staining reaction results from differences in

A

the cell wall structure

23
Q

when and who developed the gram stain

A

Christian Gram (1884)

24
Q

Bacterial Cell Walls

A

• Rigidity of cell wall is due to peptidoglycan
o Compound found only in Bacteria
• Composed of glycan chains of disaccharide.
o Disaccharide consists of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
• Glycan chains held together by tetrapeptide chains

25
Q

Tetrapeptide connections may contain

A

o D-isomers of amino acids
o Diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
Found no where else in nature

26
Q

Connection may be

A

direct or through a peptide interbridge

27
Q

gram positive cell wall

A

• Formed of a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
o As many as 30 sheets
o Despite the thickness, is permeable to numerous substances
• Teichoic acids

28
Q

o polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups
o Joined to peptidoglycan via NAM
o Stick out above peptidoglycan giving cell negative charge
Lipoteichoic acids bind to the plasma membrane

A

teichoic acids

29
Q

gram negative cell wall

A
  • Consist of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
  • Outer membrane composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • No teichoic acids
30
Q

what is the periplasmic space

A

Gap between plasma membrane and cell wall (gram-positive bacteria) or between plasma membrane and outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria)

31
Q

gel like substance that occupies periplasmic space

A

periplasm

32
Q 
o	found in periplasm of gram-negative bacteria
o	some of their functions include
	nutrient acquisition
	electron transport
	peptidoglycan synthesis
	modification of toxic compounds
A

periplasmic enzymes

33
Q

o secreted by gram-positive bacteria

o perform many of the same functions that periplasmic enzymes do for gram-negative bacteria

A

Exoenzymes

34
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

• Consist of three parts
o O side chain (O antigen)
o Core polysaccharide
o Lipid A

35
Q

gram negative cell wall outer membrane

A

lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS layer)

36
Q

what is a lipid bilayer

A

outer leaflet made of lipopolysaccharides not phospholipids

37
Q

outer membrane serves as

A

barrier to a large number of molecules

38
Q

porin proteins

A

form channels through which small molecules (600-700 daltons) can pass

39
Q

outer membrane is more permeable than plasma membrane due to

A

presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins

Microbiology (26 decks)

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