Pathogenicity

Question 1

a symbiont that harms or lives at the expense of its

host

Answer 1

Parasitic organism

Question 2

lives on surface of host

Answer 2

ectoparasite

Question 3

lives within host

Answer 3

endoparasite

Question 4

host on (or in) which parasite either gains sexual
maturity or reproduces

Answer 4

final host

Question 5

serves as temporary but essential environment for

some stage of parasite’s development

Answer 5

intermediate host

Question 6

is not necessary for development but serves as

vehicle for reaching final host

Answer 6

transfer host

Question 7

nonhuman organism infected with a parasite that

can also infect humans

Answer 7

reservoir host

Question 8

growth and multiplication of parasite on or within

host

Answer 8

infection

Question 9

disease resulting from infection

Answer 9

infectious disease

Question 10

any parasitic organism that causes infectious

disease

Answer 10

pathogen

Question 11

ability of pathogen to cause disease

Answer 11

pathogenicity

Question 12

Measure of the degree or intensity of pathogenicity

Answer 12

virulence

Question 13

Determined by three characteristics of the pathogen

Answer 13

virulence

Question 14

what are the three characteristics that determine virulence

Answer 14

infectivity, invasiveness, and pathogenic potential

Question 15

ability to establish focal point of infection

Answer 15

infectivity

Question 16

ability to spread to adjacent cells or other

tissues

Answer 16

invasiveness

Question 17

degree to which pathogen can cause damage

to host

Answer 17

pathogenic potential

Question 18

what is the major aspect of pathogenic potential

Answer 18

toxigenicity

Question 19

what is virulence correlated to

Answer 19

mode of transmission and survival in external environment

Question 20

what often control expression of

virulence genes

Answer 20

environmental factors

Question 21

number of pathogens that will kill 50% of an

experimental group of hosts

Answer 21

lethal dose 50

Question 22

number of pathogens required to infect 50% of an

experimental group of hosts

Answer 22

infectious dose 50

Question 23

All bacterial pathogens must have at least one

Answer 23

reservoir

Question 24

examples of direct contact

Answer 24

coughing, sneezing, body contact

Question 25

living organisms that transmit pathogen

Answer 25

vectors

Question 26

inanimate objects that harbor and transmit | pathogens

Answer 26

fomites

Question 27

attachment is mediated by special molecules | or structures

Answer 27

adhesins or ligands

Question 28

what do adhesins bind to

Answer 28

receptors on host cells

Question 29

Establishment of a site of microbial reproduction on or | within host

Answer 29

colonization

Question 30

presence of viable bacteria in blood

Answer 30

bacteremia

Question 31

presence of bacteria or their | toxins in bloodstream

Answer 31

septicemia

Question 32

what are the steps of a pathogen entering a host

Answer 32

colonization, invasion, growth/multiplication, and leave

Question 33

diseases that result from entry of a specific preformed | toxin into host

Answer 33

Intoxications

Question 34

substance that alters the normal metabolism of host cells with negative effects on host

Answer 34

toxin

Question 35

two types of toxins of bacteria

Answer 35

endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 36

soluble, heat liable proteins that are usually released into the surroundings as the bacteria grow

Answer 36

exotoxins

Question 37

the LPS of gram negative bacteria

Answer 37

endotoxins

Question 38

Synthesized by specific bacteria Heat liable proteins Among the most lethal substances known Easily inactivated by chemicals

Answer 38

exotoxins

Question 39

types of exotoxins

Answer 39

Neurotoxins, Enterotoxins, and Cytotoxins

Question 40

Usually ingested as preformed toxins | target nerve tissue

Answer 40

neurotoxins

Question 41

target intestinal mucosa | elicit profuse fluid secretion

Answer 41

enterotoxins

Question 42

Specific toxic action on cells/tissues of specific | organs

Answer 42

cytotoxins

Question 43

what is the A subunit of AB exotoxins responsible for

Answer 43

for toxic effect

Question 44

what is the B subunit of AB exotoxins do

Answer 44

binds to target cell

Question 45

kill phagocytic leukocytes

Answer 45

leukocidins

Question 46

kill erythrocytes, leukocytes, and many other cells

Answer 46

hemolysins

Question 47

Removes charged head of phospholipid | Destabilizes the membrane

Answer 47

Phospholipases

Question 48

Nonspecifically stimulate T-cells Cause release of massive quantities of cytokines Results in systemic toxicity in host Suppression of specific immune response

Answer 48

Superantigens

Question 49

``` Toxic portion of LPS is Lipid A Heat stable Toxic only at high doses Weakly immunogenic produce systematic effects ```

Answer 49

Endotoxins

Question 50

bring about effects indirectly interacts with host molecules and cells, activating host systems

Answer 50

endotoxins

Question 51

series of proteins circulating in blood and fluids circulate in inactive form over 30 proteins known

Answer 51

complement system

Question 52

complement system destroys microbes via

Answer 52

inflammation, cytolysis, phagocytosis

Question 53

Evade the complement system by

Answer 53

capsules, lengthened O chains, and serum resistance