Ch 4 Book Flashcards by Christina Stafstrom

structurally how are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes

they are simpler and smaller
genetic material is not surrounded by a membrane
lack membrane enclosed organelles

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how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar

both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, ad carbohydrates

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describe the DNA in prokaryotes

not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome
not associated with histones

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what do the cell wall of prokaryotes have

polysaccharide peptidoglycan

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how do prokaryotes divide

by binary fission(DNA is copied and cell splits into two cells)

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what do prokaryotes include

bacteria and archeae

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what are the types of bacteria

cocci, bacilli, spiral

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if remain in pairs after dividing, round

diplococci

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if remain in chainlike pattern after dividing, round

streptococci

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if remain attached in cubelike groups of 8

sarcinae

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form grapelike clusters/broad sheets

staphylococci

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fewer groupings of these than of cocci

bacilli

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pairs after division, rodlike

diplobacilli

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occur in chains, rodlike

streptobacilli

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oval and look like cocci

coccobacilli

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have one or more twists

spiral

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look like curved rods

vibrios

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helical shape/corckscrew

spirilla

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helical and flexible

spirochetes

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what is the shape of bacteria determined by

heredity

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most bacteria, maintain single shape

monomorphic

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bacteria that can have many shapes

pleomorphic

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this is the sugar coat and is the substance that surrounds cells

glycocalyx

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what is the glycocalyx composed of

sticky polymer composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide

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if the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

capsule

if the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall

slime layer

these protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host

capsules

this is an important component of biofilms

glycocalyx

a glycocalyx that helps cell in a biofilm attach to their target environment and eachother(protects the cells within it)

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

what does the glycocalyx also do

protect a cell against dehydration and its viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell

long filamentious appendages that propel bacteria

flagella

bacteria that lack flagella

atrichous

flagella that are distributed over the entire cell

peritrichous

flagella at both ends of the cell

polar

single flagellum at one pole

monotrichous

tuft of flagella at one pole

lophotrichous

flagella at both poles

amphitrichous

what are the three basic parts of the flagella

filament, hook, basal body

this is the outermost region of flagella, contains flagellin

filament

this is attached to filament of flagella, slightly wider, different protein

hook

this anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane composed of rod inserted rings

basal body

these types of cell contain two pairs of rings in the basal body of flagella

gram negative

these types of cells contain one inner pair of rings in the basal body of flagella

gram positive

ability of an organism to move by itself

motility

what does motility enable the bacterium to do

move toward a favorable environment or away from an adverse one

this is the movement of a bacterium towards or away from a particular stimulus

taxis

what are the two types of taxis

chemotaxis and phototaxis

what is useful for distinguishing among serovars

H antigen

these are variations within a species of gram negative bacteria

serovars

AKA endoflagella | bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

axial filaments

these are hairlike appendages that consist of pilin

fimbriae and pili

this is involved in forming biofilms and other aggregations on the surfaces of liquids

fimbriae

these help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces and are primarily used for attachment

fimbriae

how many fimbriae are usually found per cell

range from several to a couple hundred

this is longer than fimbriae and only has two per cell

pili

what are pili involved in

motility and DNA transfer

pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with another cell and then retracts

twitching motility

smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria | provides a means for microbes to travel in environments with a low water content

gliding motility

transfer DNA from one cell to another

conjugation (sex) pili

this protects the interior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment; all prokaryotes have this!

cell wall

what is the function of cell walls

Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is > than that outside the cell Maintains the shape of the bacterium and anchorage point for flagella

when does the cell wall extend

as the volume of the cell increases

what are bacterial cell walls composed of??

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

what does peptidoglycan consist of

repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the cell

this links adjacent rows

polypeptides

destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm

lysis

cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan | forms a thick, rigid structure

gram positive cell walls

these contain teichoic acids

gram positive cell walls

what do teichoic acids consist of

alcohol and phosphate

this spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane

lipoteichoic acid

this is linked to the peptidoglycan layer

wall teichoic acid

what do teichoic acids do

bind and regulate the movement of cations into and out of the cell due to its negative charge provide wall's antigenic specificity

what are gram positive cell wall covered with

polysaccharides

these type of cells have one or VERY FEW layers of peptidoglycan

gram negative cell walls

what is peptidoglycan bonded to in gram negative cells

lipoproteins in the outer membrane

this is a gel like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane in gram negative cells

periplasm

do gram negative cells contain teichoic acid

which type of cells are more susceptible to mechanical breakage and why

gram negative because there is a small amount of peptidogylcan

what does the outer membrane of gram negative cells consist of

lipoproteins, phospholipids, and lipopoysaccharides(LPS)

what does the outer membrane do in gram negative cells

provides barrier to certain antibodies by does not provide barrier to all substances

these permit passage of molecules such as nucleotides and peptides

porins

these consist of lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O polysaccharides

LPS

what does lipid A do

acts as an endotoxin when bacteria die

what does the core polysaccharide do

provides stability

what does O polysaccharide do

distinguishes species