Ch 4 Book #2

Question 1

this is the smallest known bacteria that can grow outside host cells

Answer 1

mycoplasms

Question 2

what protects mycoplasms from lysis

Answer 2

sterols

Question 3

these have no peptidoglycan and contain pseudomurein

generally cannot be gram stained

Answer 3

archaea

Question 4

used to identify mycobacterium

contain increased levels of mycolic acid

Answer 4

acid fast

Question 5

this forms a layer outside of a thin layer of peptidoglycan on acid fast organisms

Answer 5

mycolic acid

Question 6

what are most negative bacteria not susceptible to

Answer 6

penicilian

Question 7

AKA inner membrane

encloses the cytoplasm of the cell

Answer 7

plasma membrane

Question 8

this consists primarily of phospholipids and these are less rigid in prokaryotes than eukaryotes

Answer 8

plasma membrane

Question 9

molecules are arranged in two parallel rows

Answer 9

lipid bilayer

Question 10

proteins attached to carbohydrates

Answer 10

glycoproteins

Question 11

lipids attached to carbohydrates

Answer 11

glycolipids

Question 12

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids do

Answer 12

lubricate the cell

Question 13

way of describing arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

Answer 13

fluid mosaic model

Question 14

what is the function of plasma membrane

Answer 14

selective permeability

contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP

Question 15

bacterial plasma membranes often appear to contain one or more large folds of these

Answer 15

mesosomes

Question 16

group of antibiotics that cause leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent death

Answer 16

polymyxins

Question 17

what are the two types of moevement

Answer 17

passive and active

Question 18

during this substances cross membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 18

passive

Question 19

does passive require energy

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

this is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 20

simple diffusion

Question 21

even distribution

Answer 21

equilibrium

Question 22

integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

Answer 22

facilitated diffusion

Question 23

these permit the passage of small inorganic ions

Answer 23

transporters or permeases (proteins)

Question 24

in bacteria, break down large molecules into simpler ones

once broken down, the subunits move into the cell with help of transporters

Answer 24

extracellular enzymes

Question 25

movement of solvent molecules across a selctively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules

Answer 25

osmosis

Question 26

what is the chief solvent

Answer 26

water

Question 27

the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes (pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane)

Answer 27

osmotic pressure

Question 28

what are the three types of osmotic solutions

Answer 28

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Question 29

this is when the medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell

Answer 29

isotonic

Question 30

medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell (most bacteria live in this)

Answer 30

hypotonic

Question 31

medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has

Answer 31

hypertonic

Question 32

most bacteria placed in this shrink, collapse, or plasmolyze because water leaves cells by osmosis

Answer 32

hypertonic

Question 33

cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane usually occurs from outside to inside

Answer 33

active transport

Question 34

active transport that only occurs in prokaryotes | the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane

Answer 34

group translocation

Question 35

what type of transport can some eukaryotes use

Answer 35

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 36

substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane 80% water in prokaryotes it lacks cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 36

cytoplasm

Question 37

what are the major structures of cytoplasm

Answer 37

nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions

Question 38

this contains a single long double strand of DNA called bacterial chromosome

Answer 38

nucleoid

Question 39

this is genetic info that carries info required for cell's structures and functions no nuclear envelope

Answer 39

nucleoid

Question 40

this is circular, double stranded molecules

Answer 40

plasmids

Question 41

these may be gained or lost without harming the cell may carry genes can be transferred from one bacterium to another

Answer 41

plasmids

Question 42

function as the site of protein synthesis composed of two subunits(protein ad rRNA) smaller and less dense than in eukaryotes

Answer 42

ribosomes

Question 43

what is the number for ribosomes in prokaryotes

Answer 43

70S

Question 44

within the cytoplasm, reserve deposits

Answer 44

inclusions

Question 45

``` large inclusions(stain red) have volutin ```

Answer 45

metachromatic granules

Question 46

represents a reserve or inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP

Answer 46

volutin

Question 47

inclusions that consist of glycogen and starch | presence can be determined with iodine

Answer 47

polysaccharide granules

Question 48

this turns brown

Answer 48

glycogen

Question 49

this turns blue

Answer 49

starch

Question 50

appear in mycobacterium | revealed by staining cells with fat soluble dyes

Answer 50

lipid inclusions

Question 51

derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur containing compounds serve as an energy source

Answer 51

sulfur granules

Question 52

contain the enzyme ribulose1, 5 diphosphate carboxylase

Answer 52

carboxysomes

Question 53

hollow cavities found in aquatic prokaryotes maintain buoyancy so that cells can remain at the depth in the water appropriate for them to receive sufficient amounts of oxygen, light and nutrients

Answer 53

gas vacuoles

Question 54

inclusions of iron oxide | may protect the cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation

Answer 54

magnetosomes

Question 55

specialized resting cells

Answer 55

endospores

Question 56

process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell and takes several hours

Answer 56

sporulation/sporogenesis

Question 57

what are the stages of spore formation

Answer 57

spore septum-forespore-spore coat-endospore released

Question 58

what is an endospore at one end

Answer 58

terminally

Question 59

what is an endospore near one end

Answer 59

subterminally

Question 60

what do endospores contain

Answer 60

a large amount of organic acid called DPA which is accompanied by calcium ions

Question 61

DPA and calcium ions do what

Answer 61

protect the endospore

Question 62

the process whereby an endospore returns to its vegetative state

Answer 62

germination

Question 63

what is germination triggered by

Answer 63

by physical or damage to coat