Ch 6 - Molecular Biology of Bacteria

Question 1

DNA is duplicated

Answer 1

replication

Question 2

information from DNA is transferred to RNA

Answer 2

transcription

Question 3

encodes polypeptides

Answer 3

mRNA

Question 4

plays role in protein synthesis

Answer 4

tRNA, rRNA

Question 5

information in RNA is used to build polypeptides

Answer 5

translation

Question 6

Central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 6

DNA –> RNA –> protein

Question 7

Backbone of DNA chain is:

Answer 7

alternating phosphates and the pentose sugar deoxyribose

Question 8

Adenine always pairs with:

Answer 8

Thymine

Question 9

Guanine always pairs with

Answer 9

Cytosine

Question 10

_______ ________ between DNA strands hold two strands together

Answer 10

Hydrogen bonds

Question 11

A–T pair has ____ hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

two

Question 12

G–C pair has _____ hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

three

Question 13

High heat breaks hydrogen bonds, causing ________.

Answer 13

denaturation

Question 14

double helix is underwound

Answer 14

negative supercoiling

Question 15

double helix is overwound

Answer 15

positive supercoiling

Question 16

_______supercoiling is predominantly found in nature

Answer 16

negative

Question 17

Size of DNA molecule is expressed in ______ ________.

Answer 17

base pairs

Question 18

____ base pairs make up 1 turn of the helix

Answer 18

10

Question 19

entire complement of genes in cell or virus

Answer 19

genome

Question 20

main genetic element in prokaryotes

Answer 20

chromosome

Question 21

Average protein contains _____ amino acids

Answer 21

~300

Question 22

majority of plasmids are ______-stranded

Answer 22

double

Question 23

most plasmids are circular/linear?

Answer 23

circular

Question 24

confer resistance to antibiotics and other growth inhibitors

Answer 24

r-plasmids (resistance plasmids)

Question 25

these plasmids Enable pathogen to colonize or can cause host damage.

Answer 25

virulence plasmids

Question 26

Transcription is carried out by ________.

Answer 26

RNA polymerase

Question 27

RNA polymerase recognizes DNA sites called _______.

Answer 27

promoters

Question 28

Transcription stops at specific sites called _____ ________.

Answer 28

transcription terminators

Question 29

Two regions within promoters that are highly conserved

Answer 29

-10 region, -35 region

Question 30

transcription is terminated without any additional factors

Answer 30

intrinsic terminators

Question 31

Rho protein recognizes specific DNA sequences and causes a pause in the RNA polymerase

Answer 31

rho dependent termination

Question 32

An mRNA encoding a group of co-transcribed genes is called:

Answer 32

polycistronic mRNA

Question 33

a group of related genes cotranscribed on a polycistronic mRNA

Answer 33

operon

Question 34

Allows for expression of multiple genes to be coordinated

Answer 34

operon

Question 35

the synthesis of proteins from RNA

Answer 35

translation

Question 36

a triplet of nucleic acid bases (codon) encodes a single amino acid

Answer 36

genetic code

Question 37

multiple codons encode a single amino acid

Answer 37

degenerate code

Question 38

________ on tRNA recognizes codon

Answer 38

Anticodon

Question 39

irregular base pairing allowed at third position of tRNA

Answer 39

wobble

Question 40

terminate translation (UAA, UAG, and UGA)

Answer 40

stop codons

Question 41

translation begins with AUG

Answer 41

start codon

Question 42

triplet code requires translation to begin at the correct nucleotide

Answer 42

reading frame

Question 43

ensures proper reading frame

Answer 43

Shine–Dalgarno sequence

Question 44

AUG followed by a number of codons and a stop codon in the same reading frame

Answer 44

open reading frame (ORF)

Question 45

multiple codons for the same amino acid are not used equally

Answer 45

codon bias

Question 46

______ is required to attach amino acid to tRNA

Answer 46

ATP

Question 47

______ is cloverleaf in shape

Answer 47

tRNA

Question 48

sites of protein synthesis

Answer 48

ribosomes

Question 49

Interactions of the R groups force the molecule to twist and fold in a certain way

Answer 49

secondary structure

Question 50

3-dimensional shape of polypeptide

Answer 50

tertiary structure

Question 51

Number and types of polypeptides that make a protein

Answer 51

quarternary structure

Question 52

When proteins are exposed to extremes of heat, pH, or certain chemicals

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

found on proteins requiring transport from cell

Answer 53

signal sequences

Question 54

assist in folding improperly folded proteins

Answer 54

chaperonins