Ch 10 - Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards Preview

Microbiology - Biol3880 > Ch 10 - Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Flashcards in Ch 10 - Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea Deck (44)
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1
Q

Heritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype

A

mutation

2
Q

A strain of any cell or virus differing from parental strain in genotype

A

mutant

3
Q

Typically refers to strain isolated from nature

A

wild type strain

4
Q

mutations that give the mutant a growth advantage under certain conditions

A

selectable mutations

5
Q

mutations that usually have neither an advantage nor a disadvantage over the parent

A

nonselectable mutations

6
Q

Detection of such mutations requires examining a large number of colonies and looking for differences (screening)

A

nonselectable mutations

7
Q

_______ __________ is useful for identification of cells with a nutritional requirement for growth

A

Replica plating

8
Q

Mutations made environmentally or deliberately

A

induced mutations

9
Q

mutations that Can result from exposure to natural radiation or oxygen radicals

A

induced mutations

10
Q

mutations that occur without external intervention

A

spontaneous mutations

11
Q

Mutations that change only one base pair

A

point mutations

12
Q

Deletions or insertions that result in a shift in the reading frame

A

frameshift mutations

13
Q

Often result in complete loss of gene function

A

frameshift mutations

14
Q

process where point mutations are typically reversible

A

reversion

15
Q

Strain in which original phenotype is restored

A

revertant

16
Q

mutation is at the same site as original mutation

A

same-site revertant

17
Q

mutation is at a different site in the DNA

A

second-site revertant

18
Q

chemical, physical, or biological agents that increase mutation rates

A

mutagens

19
Q

mutagens that resemble nucleotides

A

Nucleotide base analogs

20
Q

give an example of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

A

radiation

21
Q

______ and ______strongly absorb UV

A

Purines and pyrimidines

22
Q

give an example of ionizing mutagenic electromagnetic radiation

A

x-rays, cosmic rays, gamma rays

23
Q

this type of electromagneti radiation Ionizes water and produce free radicals

A

ionizing

24
Q

DNA repair system where mutated base is still recognizable and can be repaired without referring to other strand

A

direct reversal

25
Q

DNA repair system where damaged DNA is removed and repaired using opposite strand as template

A

repair of single strand

26
Q

DNA repair system to repair a break in the DNA

A

repair of double-strand damage

27
Q

Physical exchange of DNA between genetic elements

A

recombination

28
Q

Process that results in genetic exchange between homologous DNA from two different sources

A

homologous recombination

29
Q

Genetic transfer process by which DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell and brings about genetic change

A

transformation

30
Q

who discovered transformation?

A

Fredrick Griffith

31
Q

cells capable of taking up DNA and being transformed

A

competent cells

32
Q

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage

A

transduction

33
Q

mechanism of genetic transfer that involves cell-to-cell contact

A

bacterial conjugation (mating)

34
Q

contains conjugative plasmid

A

donor cell

35
Q

cell that does not contain plasmid

A

recipient cell

36
Q

cells that can’t take up DNA

A

non-competent cells

37
Q

Electricity can be used to force cells to take up DNA

A

electroporation

38
Q

Discrete segments of DNA that move as a unit from one location to another within other DNA molecules are ________

A

transposable elements

39
Q

transposable elements move by a process called ______

A

transposition

40
Q

Two main types of transposable elements in Bacteria are _______ and __________

A

transposons and insertion sequences

41
Q

what are the two characteristics of the transposons and insertion sequences?

A

1) genes encoding transposase

2) recognition sites at both ends

42
Q

Changes codon so it encodes for the wrong AA

A

missense mutation

43
Q

Changes codon so it encodes for a stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

44
Q

Changes codon so it encodes for correct amino acid

A

silent mutation