Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The 3 Domians
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
2
Q
An a-cellular infectious agent consisting only of protein
A
Prion
3
Q
Which Domains are Prokaryotic
A
Archaea & Bacteria
4
Q
An acellular infectious agent consisting only of RNA
Only attacks plants
A
Viroid
5
Q
An acellular infectious agent consisting of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
A
Virus
6
Q
General term for all microorganisms and acellular infectious agents such as viruses
A
Microbe
7
Q
Francesco Redi’s 1668 experiment that disproved spontaneous generation
A
Covered rotten meat with gauze to prevent flys from laying eggs
8
Q
Needham vs Spallanzani in spontaneous generation experiments.
A
Needham boiled broths for a short time and sealed with a cork when the broth became contaminanted this “proved” spontaneous generation
Spallanzani boiled broth longer and melted the flask shut thus preventing contamination
9
Q
The compound microscope is a combination of the ocular (eye peace) which powers is _______ x
And the objective in posistion what are the powers on the objectives.
____x
____x
____x
____x
Giving 4 possible final strengths for the total magnification
Which are
A
10x
4x
10x
40x
100x
40x
100x
400x
1000x
10
Q
How do the image appear in the microscope
A
Inverse & Reversed
11
Q
Which part of the microscope controls the ammount of light?
A
Iris Diaphragm
12
Q
Which part of the microscope focuses light?
A
Condensor lens
13
Q
Stays in focus even when magnification is changed
A
Parfocal
14
Q
The _______ the wave length the _____ the resolution
A
Smaller / Greater
15
Q
Visible light has the greatest sized wave length thus the ______ resolution
Ultra violent lights wave legth is _____ compared the Visible light and is ____
Compared to the wave length of an electron beam
A
Lowest
Smaller / Greater
16
Q
Name the 2 fungi we examined
A
Penicillium: Mold
Saccharomyces: Yeast
17
Q
Name the prostist we looked at
What is a plant?
Which is an animal?
A
Euglena: Single celled plant
Paramecium: Single celled animal
18
Q
What was the Alga we looked at
A
Chlamydomonas kluh.mi.duh.mow.nuhz
is a single-celled green alga found in temperate soil habitats
19
Q
Ball shaped bacteria
A
Coccus
20
Q
Rod shapped bacteria
A
Bacillus
21
Q
Spirillium or Spirochete are which shapped bacteria
A
Cork screw shapped
22
Q
What are the cock screwed shaped bacteria
A
Spirillum / Spirochete
23
Q
This is the minimum distance at which two distinct points of a specimen can still be seen
A
Resolution
24
Q
Resistant type of dormant cell produced by some types of bacteria.
A
Endospore
25
Microorganisms cause certain diseases is a principle called
Germ theory of disease
26
4 parts and subparts of the scientific method
Making an observation and asking a question about it
Forming a hypothesis
Experiment, collect data, draw a conclusion.
Communicate method, results, and conclusions
27
How did Pasteurs experiment disprove the idea that "air contained a Vital Force"
He used goose neck flask that allowed the air in and trapped the microbes in the bend.
28
An explanation supported by an extensive amount of experimental evidence.
Theory
29
How are the Normal Microbiota beneficial.
3 ways
Prevent disease by competing for resources
Degrade food that body cant
Promote development of the immune system.
30
What is the Old Friends hypothesis
Early Exposure helps the immune system learn to distinguish Friendly Microbes from Dangerous ones.
31
Undertaking that used genomics to study the normal microbiota of the human body
Human Microbiome Project
32
Chlamydomonas
kluh.mi.duh.mow.nuhz
is a single-celled & found in temperate soil habitats
What relevance does this have to our class
It is the only Alga we looked at
33
Saccharomyces is a ______
From which kingdom
Yeast
Fungi
34
Microorganisms do this to N² to make it usable to plants and animals
Nitrogen fixing
35
DNA sequencing program to sequence all known plants, animal, protozoan, and fungal species
Earth Biogenome Project
36
Commercial benefits of Microorganisms (3)
Food Production (beer, bread, cheese)
Biodegredation ( degrading environmental pollutants)
Commercially Valueable Products
(Ethanol-biofuel, amino acids, insects toxins, and certain plastics)
37
Which is the scanning objective
Low power
High dry
Oil immersion
4x
10x
40x
100x
38
Heliobacter pylori causes what?
Stomach ulcers
39
Protists consists of these 2 groups
Algea & Protozoa
40
In the microbial world name the 4 types of Eukaryotes
Algea, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths
41
A micron or um is how big compared to a mm
1 um = .001 mm
42
Which microbes measure 0.3 - 2 um
Which measure 5 - 50 um
Bacteria & Archaea
Eukarya
43
This type of Gram-negative bacteria group together to form complex structures called Fruiting Bodied
Myxobacteria
44
Do archaea have cell walls
Yes
45
How does archaea cell wall differ from bacteria
Lack of peptidoglycan
46
The macroscopic reproductive structure of fungus is called.
Spores are also called.
Mushrooms
Conidia
47
Describe the chemical composition of Viruses
Consist of DNA o RNA and have a protein coat. Obligate intracellular agents
48
Describe the chemical composition of Viroids
Consist only of RNA and No Protein coat. Obligate intracellular agent
49
Describe the chemical composition of Prions.
Consist only of misfolded protein. Cause host cells to misfold their proteins
50
Elements that contain at least _____, ______ , _______are organic compounds
Carbon & Hydrogen & oxygen
51
The amount of a chemical in grams that contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles
Mole
52
The mole of one substance has the same number of particles as a mole of another substance
True or False
True
53
Macromolecules are made through _______ and degraded by _______
Dehydration synthesis / hydrolysis
54
Distinctive chemical arrangement that contributes to the properties of a molecule
Functional group
55
A chemical reaction in which H²O is removed and results in 2 molecules joined together
Dehydration synthesis
56
Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down as H²O is added
Hydrolysis
57
Ribose & Deoxyribose are _ - carbon sugars
They are also this kind of Carbohydrate
5
Monosaccharide
58
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose are this kind of Carbohydrate
Disaccharides
59
Cellulose, startch, glycogen, dextran, chitin, and agar are this kind of Carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
60
Saturated fatty acids have ___ double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acids have __ double bonds.
None
1 or more
61
Peptide bonds join the amino group of one amino acid with the __ group of another
Carboxyl
62
Primary structure of a protein is...
Amino acid sequence
63
The secondary structure of a protein is...
Repeated coiling or folding.
64
The tertiary structure of a protein is....
The overall 3D shape
65
The quaternary structure of a protein is...
The shape that results from the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains
66
The purine or pyrimidine ring structure found in nucleotides; aka the base
Nucleobase
67
What makes up a Nuclelc Acid
Nucleobase, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
68
Complementry describes the DNA structure that the nucleobases that are characteristically hydrogen bonded to one another.
Name these bonds
A - T & C - G
69
How does ATP carry energy?
High-energy phosphate bonds
70
H - H is what kind of bond
Covalent
71
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds is called?
Molecule
72
A ______ is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
A ________ is a substance which is formed by two or more different types of elements which are united chemically in a fixed proportion.
All molecules are not compounds. All compounds are molecules.
True or False
Molecule
Compound
True
73
H² is this kind of substance
NaCl is this kind
Molecule
Compound
74
CHONPS stands for this
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
PHOSPHORUS
Sulfur
75
The number of moles of a compound dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter of solution
Molarity
76
Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to other are called
Oxidation-reduction reactions Or
Redox reactions
77
Reactants that typically lose electrons in a redox reaction are called _____ agents
Reactants that typically gain them are called _____ agents
Reducing / oxidizing
78
When an element gains an electron is it _______
When an element loses an electron it is ______
Reduced / Oxidized
79
Buffers function by releasing H+ ions into a solution when a(n) ____ is added and combing with H+ ions when a(n) _____ is added
Base / Acid
80
RNA has this at the 2 prime spot
DNA has this at the 2 prime spot
Hydroxyl group
Hydrogen
81
Several polysaccharides have the same subunit (glucose) but differ in structure how?
Linkage that joins subunits together
Degree of branching
82
Glycogen is....
the energy-storage product of animals and some bacteria
83
____ a polymer of galactose, is found in the cell walls of certain types of algae
Agar
84
Fatty acids are linear carbon skeletons with a _____ group at one end
Carboxyl (-COOH)
85
Most common simple lipid in nature and most efficient method of storing our energy
Triglycerides
86
If a HO hydroxyl group is attached to a steroid it is called
A sterol
87
To form a triglycerides, each fatty acid is joined to glycerol via _______
Involving a _____ group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of the _____
Dehydration synthesis
Hydroxl group of glycerol
Fatty acid
88
Fats that contain only saturated fatty aicds are ______ at room temperature.
Unsaturated are ______ at room temperature.
Solid / Liquid
89
Phospholipids have ____ heads
And _____ tails
Hydrophilic/ Hydrophobic
90
All amino acids have the following 5 structures.
Hydrogen atom
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino Group (-NH²)
Side chain or R group
*Central Carbon Atom*
91
What distinguishes animo acids from each other?
Side chain or R group
92
______ are subunits of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
93
Some forms of RNA are short double-stranded regions due to ...
Hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs
94
How is Adenosine formed?
Adenine plus ribose
95
Type of bacteria that produces endospore
Bacillus, Clostridium,
96
Which microorganisms are associated with periodontal disease
Archaea
97
Viruses, viroids, and prions are all?
Are they considered alive
Acellular infectious agent
No
98
First part of the scientific name
2nd part
Genus Capitalized
Species lower case
All italics
99
This bond is the attraction between a specific atom in a polar molecule and an electronegativite atom in the same or another polar molecule
Hydrogen bond
100
Chemical bond formed when atoms share an electron
Covalent
101
This is the sum of protons and neutrons
Mass number
102
Average of the mass numbers of an element. Weighted to the relative abundance of this naturally occurring ISOTOPE
Atomic Mass
103
Same chemical elements differs in number of neutrons
Isotope
104
When an element gains or loses an electron it is called
An Ion
105
Hydrogen bonds are formed when a Hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to ______ atom in the same or another molecule
Electronegativite
106
Which is more electronegativite Oxygen or Hydrogen
Oxygen
107
Molecules that contain the same elements but in different arrangements that are not mirror images
They have different names and properties
Structural isomers
108
Distinct part of protein associated with a certain function
Protein domain
109
DNA has this kind of backbone
Sugar phosphate
110
What is at the 5' end of DNA
What is at the 3'
5 = phosphate
3 = hydroxyl
111
How many electrons on 2nd shell
8
112
Are neutral atoms always stable
No
113
Electrons ______ from the nucleus have higher energy level
Further
114
Covalent bonds are difficult to break at biological temperature.
They require _____ to do this
Enzymes
115
Surronds each plant cell
Cellulose
116
Storage form of glucose in plants
Startch
117
Storage form of glucose in bacteria
Dextran
118
All amino acids except glycine exist as _____
Optical isomers
119
Why does 2ndary structure occur
Hydrogen bonds or ionized R-groups
120
Tertiary structure occurs due to
Interaction of hydrophobic/phillic R-groups
121
Nucleic acid is made of ______
Nucleotides are made of _____
Nucleotide
Phosphate, pentose sugar, nucleobase
122
Can produce images of atoms on a surface
Scanning probe microscope
123
Special optics amplify difference between refractive index of dense material and surrounding medium
Makes cells appear darker
Phase-contrast microscope
124
Specimens stained with fluorescenst dye
Dye marks percise location
Detailed interior of intact cells
Scanning Lazer microscope
125
Small molecules cross gram negative via
Porins
126
_____ prevents cross linking of glycine chains
Penicillin
127
______ break Linking glycine chains
Lysozomes
128
____ stains inside of gram cells
Crystal Violet
129
Do plasmids code genetic info
No
130
Accumulation of polymers
Storage granules
131
____ allow cell to detect, respond to signals
Lipid drafts
132
Electro chem gradient maintenance by
Sodium ir Proton pumps
133
Pinocytosis forms ____ which fuse with ____
Endosome / lysosome
134
Phagocytosis _____ surrond and bring material into _____<
Pseduopods /phagosome
135
Old organelle fused with lysosome <____
Autophagy
136
N¹ = N⁰ x 2¹
N¹= number of cells at t (time)
N⁰ = initial number if cells
n = number if generation
