Chapter 14: Innate Immune Response Flashcards by Jade Ring

Series of proteins in blood and tissue fluids that can be activated to help destroy and remove invading microbes

Complement System

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Proteins that function as chemical messengers, allowing the cells involved in host defense to communicate

Cytokines

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Coordinated innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing response, eliminating the invader, and restoring tissue function.

Inflammatory Response

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Host defense involving anatomical barriers, sensor system that recognizes patterns associated with microbes or tissue damage, phagocitic cells, inflammatory response, and fever

Innate immunity

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Type of phagocitic cell that wanders or resides in tissue; it has multiple roles, including scavenging debris and producing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

Macrophages

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Complement system components assembled to form pores in membranes of the invading cells

Membrane Attack Complexs
MACs

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Major phagocitic cell in the blood; first responders, use multiple mechanics to kill invading cells

Neutrophils

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Coating of an object with molecules for which phagocytes have receptors, making it easier for phagocytosis to occur

Opsonization

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Proteins on or in cells that recognize specific compounds unique to microbes or tissue damage

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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Protection provided by immune response that improve due to exposure to antigens; involves B and T cells

Adaptive immune

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Substance that causes immune response is called _____.

They are molecules that reacts specifically with either an Antibody or an Antigen Receptor on a lymphocyte

Antigen

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Produced by the adaptive immune system, this Y shapped protein binds antigens

Antibody

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Innate immune system contains 3 lines of defense

1st line (Skin & mucus membranes / antimicrobial substances)

Sensory systems ( Pattern recognition receptors / Complement System)

Innate effector actions
(Interferon Response, Phagocytes, Complement Activation, Inflammatory Response, Fever)

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1st line defense innate immune system

Skin & mucus membranes / antimicrobial substances

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2nd line defense Innate immune system

Sensory systems (Pattern Recognition receptors/ Complement System)

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3rd line of defense Innate immune system

Innate effector actions
(Interferon Response, Phagocytes, Complement Activation, Inflammatory Response, Fever)

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Cells that help the immune system detect signs of invasion by producing cytokines when their pattern recognition receptors recognize an invading microbe

Sentinel cell

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____ cells use Pattern Recognition receptors to detect microbe components ,such as peptidoglycan, and produce cytokines as an alert

Sentinel Cells

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Cytokines that induce a cell to resist viral replication; they also help regulate the immune system.

Interferons

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Contraction of intestines that propels food toward the anus

Peristalsis

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Layer of mucus moved by cilia lining the respiratory tract that moves particles away from the lungs

Mucocillay elevator

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Enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan found in body fluids

Lysozyme

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Iron binding proteins that deprive microbes of Iron a necessary compound

Found in saliva, mucus, milk

Lactoferrin

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An Iron binding protien found in blood and tissue fluids

Transferrin

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Short antimicrobial peptides produced by Eukaryotic cells to fight infections in the Innate immune system

Defensins

Phagocytes have these positively charged AMPs called

Defensins

Formation of blood cells is called

Hematopoiesis

Bone marrow cells that give rise to all blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

Thrombocytes (Platelets) are fragments of large cells called...

Megakaryocytes

Leukocytes (white blood cells) can be divided into 2 categories

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes (lymphocytes & Monocytes)

A group of cytokines that direct the development of various types of blood cells from hematpoietic stem cells

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

Monocytes can turn into... (2)

Macrophages & Dendritic cells

B cells turn into...

Effector Plasma cells & Memory Cells

Release of mediators from a cells granules, such as histamine released from a mast cells

Degranulation

Neutrophils can also ____ acting as a mobile grenade

Degranulate

These granulcytes are responsible for ridding of worms

Eosinophils

_____ are Granulocytes that are involved in alergic reactions and inflammation and found in the blood contain Histamines _____ have a simular function but are found in the tissue rather than the blood. They are an important Sentinel cell

Basophil Mast cell

Monocytes circulate in the ______ But when they move to the tissues they are called.... (2)

Blood Macrophages & Dendritic cells

Antigen-presenting cells that play a role in activation of naive T cells

Dendritic cells

Group of Leukocytes that are involved in adaptive immunity

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes typically reside ...

In lymph nodes

A group of lymphocytes that lack specifity, included natural killer cells

Innate lymphoid cells

Lymphocyte that induces apoptosis in cells to which antibody has bound or lack MHC class 1 molecule

Natural Killer cell

Mononuclear Phagocytes includes (3)

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

_____ serve as scouts for the adaptive immune system

Dendritic cells

Protiens in the cell membrane which are the "eyes" and "ears" of the cell

Surface receptors

A molecule that specifically binds to a given receptor

Ligand

Protiens that function as chemical messengers, allowing cells in host defense to communicate

Cytokines

Important in the chemotaxis of cells of the immune system (Type of cytokine)

Chemokine

A group of cytokines that direct development of various types of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells

Colony-stimulating Factors

Cytokines that induce cells to resist viral replication, help regulate the immune system

Intererons

Cytokines produced by Leukocytes, over lapping functions, involved in both innate and adaptive immunity

Interleukins

Tumor necrosis factor is a type of ..

Cytokine

Cytokines main effect is...

Chemotaxis (movement toward or away from certain gradients)

Potentially deadly over production of cytokines during immune response

Cytokine storm

Molecules that characterize invading microbes

Microbe-associated molecular patterns

Pattern recognition receptors have 3 locations.

Cell surface Inside phagosomes / endosomes Cytoplasm

Pattern recognition receptors are located on which type of cells?

Dendritic cells & macrophages

_____ receptors are found in the membrane of Sentinel cell

Toll-like receptors

Most cells have Pattern recognition receptors inside the cytoplasm called... (2)

Rig-like receptors (monitor for virus RNA) NOD-like (monitors microbial components or Cell damge.)

Protein complex in macrophages that activates a potent proinflammatory cytokine

Inflammasome

When a cells PRRs detect viral RNA, the cell responds by secreting _____ that induces nearby cells to go into an antiviral state

Interferon

____ triggers an interferon response

Viral RNA

Series of proteins that routinely circulate in the blood and the fluid that bathes tissues. Proteins are inactive form until a microbe actives them

Complement system

The complement system can be activated by 3 different pathways that converge when a complex called ________ is formed

C3 convertase

The complement system can be activated by the Alternative Pathway in this manner

C3b binding to microbial invaders

The complement system can be activated by the Lectin Pathway by....

Mannose-binding lectin binding to microbial invaders

The Complement system can be activated by the Classic Pathway by....

Antibodies binding to microbial invaders

Antigen-antibody complex is aka

Immune complex

C3 convetase has of the complement system has 3 major final functions

Inflammatory response Opsonization (tag foreign cells for Phagocytosis) Lysis of foreign cells

Complexes of complement system proteins form structures that cause cell lysis. These structures are called

Membrane attack complexs

Phagocytes are attracted to infection via ______ including products of microorganisms, materials released by injured host cells, chemokines, Complements system component C5a

Chemotaxis

Phagocytes can bind 2 ways to a microbe Direct Indirect Explain

Direct: bind to the mannose molecules on microbes surface Indirect: bind to Opsonins (C3b or Certain Antibodies)

Membrane bound molecule that contains material engulfed by a Phagocyte

Phagosome

Phagosome fuses with a ____ to destroy ingested material Creating what?

Lysozyme Phagolysosome

Hydrolytic acid is formed in______ It travels to the golgi apparatus to form_____

Endoplasmic reticlum Lysosomes

Very large cell with many nuclei, formed by the fusion of many macrophages during chronic inflammatory response, found in granulomas

Giant cells

Collection of lymphocytes and macrophages that accumulate in certain chronic infections, an attempt to wall off and contain persistent organsims and antigens

Granulomas

Inflammation leads to ___ of blood vessels, leakage of fluid from blood vessels, and migration of Leukocytes from blood to tissue

Dilation

What makes up pus?

Dead neutrophils

Localized collection of pus within tissue is called

An abcess

The inflammatory response Endothelial cells produce _____ which attach to the neutrophils holding them in place in the blood vessel

Selectin

The inflammatory response Collection of neutrophils on the blood vessel wall is called

Maringation

The inflammatory response Mast cells degranulate and release

Histamine

The inflammatory response Histamine causes vaso_____

Dilation

The inflammatory response Neutrophils going through the endothelial wall is called

Diapedesis

Bloodstream infection can lead to_____ an uncontrolled and often deadly systematic inflammation response

Sepsis

-itis means

Inflammation

Type of cell death that elicits an inflammatory response (2)

Pyroptosis & necroptosis

What is a fever temperature

37.8

Fever inducing substances

Pyrogens

Fever results when macrophages release ________

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

1st line of defense prevents entry into the body, ______ detect the invasion, and _____ destroy and remove the invaders

Sensor systems Effector mechanisms

Neutrophils, eosinophils, Basophils, and mast cells are called...

Granulocytes

Many Patten Recognition Receptors detect _______ and some detect ______

Microbe associated molecular patterns Damage associated molecular patterns

Membrane anchored _____ detect certain carbohydrates found on some microbial cells

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

What do Toll like receptors recognize

Microbial nucleic acid

Rig like receptors detect _____ in a cells cytoplasm

Viral RNA

NOD-like receptors detect

Microbial components or signs of a damage in a cells cytoplasm

Certain NOD-LIKE receptors in macrophages and dendritic cells allow formation of _______, a protein complex that activates a potent Pro-inflammatory cytokines,thereby, initiating inflammatory response

Inflammasome

Virally infected cells respond by making _____, which cause nearby cells to undergo apoptosis if they are infected

Interferons

The ______ detects microbial cells and antibodies bound to antigens, and is activated in response

Complement system

_____ are macrophages stimulated by cytokines to enlarge and become metabolically active, they can now kill better

Activated macrophages

Macrophages, giant cells, and T cells form _____ that wall off and retain material that cannot be destroyed

Granulomas

_____ are important Sentinel cells

Macrophages

Acute inflammation is characterized by abundance of _____

Neutrophils

____ inflammation is characterized by macrophages, giant cells, and formation of granuloma

Chronic

Function of lysozyme against bacteria

Hydrolyze peptidoglycan

Which one can "eat" more than once Macrophages or Neutrophils

Macrophages

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are this type

Granulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes are this type of cell

Agranulocytes

Types of lymphocytes

B & T

What are leukocytes?

General term for WBC

What makes the epidermidis water repellent

Keratin

Lysozyme in body fluids is more effective against (gram-negative or gram-positive)

Gram-positive

Catalase Positive organisms are (resistant / sensitive) to peroxide enzymes.

Resistant

Definsins found in mucous membranes do what do bacteria

Put holes in the membrane

Least common non specific leukocytes in the blood

Basophils

Both macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells are this type of cell

Antigen presenting

Surface receptors on cell membranes produce Signal Molecules aka

Ligands

Chemical communications between cells

Cytokines

This type of cytokines produce chemotaxis causing the migration of leukocytes

Chemokines

Colony stimulating factors are a type of cytokine that has a 2 fold purpose

Stimulates cell division Differentiation (maturation)

Interferons are a type of cytokine that stop viral infection via

Shutting down other cells ability to Divide

Toll-like receptors are found on

Cell membrane Macrophages, Monocytes, & Dendritic

Complement system consists of blood proteins located in

Plasma

What do complement proteins bind to and destroy

Antigen/antibodies complex Destroys antigens

Phagocytes bind _____ to opsonized molecules coated by complement

Indirectly

Where are lysozymes found in neutrophils?

In the "granules"

Macrophages can be activated by T helper cells. What is the purpose of this

To keep killing longer

Granuloma can Wall off and isolate infected area This is called

An abcess

Which are Granulocytes/ Agranulocytes Neutrophils/ Macrophages Which are longer living

Neutrophils Granulocytes Macrophages Agranulocytes Macrophages live longer

During inflammation cells involved 1st 2nd 3rd

Macrophages Neutrophils ( which are usually 1st responders) Monocytes

Septic shock comes from (endo or exotoxin)

Endotoxin from gram-negative

Inflammatory response causes (higher/ lower) blood pressure

Lower; Shock

Infected cells recognize Double Stranded RNA as a result they release _____ to nearby cells to shut down protein production

Interferons

What is the thermostat for body temperature

Hypothalamus

Pyrogenes are released into the blood from...

Macrophages

A fever in addition to slowing down pathogen reproduction also speed up this process in our bodies

Enzyme activities & movement of WBC and Macrophages movement

Monocytes turn into

Macrophages/ dendritic cells

Rig like receptors are located in... Function

Cytosol Recognize vital RNA

Chapter 14: Innate Immune Response Flashcards

(141 cards)