Chapter 6 Flashcards by Jade Ring

Hydrolysis of the bonds between phosphate groups can be used to power endoergonic (energy-consuming) reactions.

Name the molecule

ATP

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Metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic compounds completely.

Using an organic intermediate as a terminal electron acceptor

Fermentation

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Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a Proton Motive Force created by harvesting chemical energy; the enzyme ATP synthase catalyzed the reaction

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Synthesis of ATP using the energy of Proton Motive Force created by harvesting radiant energy

Photophosphorylation

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Metabolic intermediates that link catabolic and anabolic pathways because they can either be broken down to generate ATP or used to make the subunits of macromolecules

Precursor Metabolites

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Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient

Proton Motive force

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Synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic (energy-releasing) chemical reaction during the breakdown of the energy source.

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

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Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration

Terminal Electron Acceptor

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_____ processes harvest the energy released during the breakdown of compounds and use it to make ATP

Catabolic

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These processes synthesize and assemble subunits of macromolecules using ATP and precursor metabolites

Anabolic

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_____ are compounds produced during catabolism that can either be further degraded or be used in anabolism to make subunits of macromolecules

Precursor metabolites

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If the starting compound has more free energy that the products , energy is _____, and the reaction is said to be this type.

Released / Exergonic

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If the products have more free energy that the starting compounds, the reaction requires an input of energy and is this type

Endergonic

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Series of chemical reactions that convert a starting compound to an end product is called

Metabolic pathway

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A substance on which an enzyme acts to form products

Substrate

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How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction

By lowering the activation energy

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Chemical Energy Source

The molecule that is (more/less) electronegativite will take the electron from another molecule.

This process releases energy the chemical that is the electron donor is called the __________ the chemical that accepts the electron is called the ________

Energy Source/ Terminal Electron Acceptor

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Chemical that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration

Terminal electron acceptor

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When an electron is transfered in a redox reaction what else is transferred?

What do you call this pair?

Proton (H+)

Electron & a Proton are called a Hydrogen Atom

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Dehydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction

Hydrogenation is this part of a redox reaction

Oxidization

Reduction

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The relative amount of energy to be gained by oxidizing a particular energy source can be predicted by considering _________

The electron affinity of the energy source ( electron donor) & terminal electron acceptor

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NADH & FAD² transfer their electrons to ______ which uses the energy to generate Proton Motive Force

ETC

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NADPH’s function is …

Reduced compounds in biosynthetic reactions

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Glucose is _____ to produce ATP, reducing power (NADH, FADH²,NADPH) and precursor metabolites

Set of reactions called: _______

Oxidized

Central metabolic pathways

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Transferring of electrons carried by NADH / FADH² to the ______________, which occurs as part of cellular respiration or fermentation

Terminal Electron Acceptor

Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway; the transition step is often considered part of the TCA cycle Are all considered this

Central metabolic pathways

This breaks down glucose for biosynthesis with reducing power in the form of NADPH

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Tricarboxylic acid cycle is aka...

Krebs / Citric Acid cycle

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Oxygen

What do fermentating cells use as a terminal electron acceptor

Peruvate

__________________is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic

The pentose phosphate pathway

Site on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Activation site

What changes shape when a substrate binds to the enzyme

The enzyme

Non-protein component required for the activity of some enzymes

Cofactor

Magnesium, zinc, copper and other trave elements often function as...

Cofactors

This is a secondary site on the enzyme which allow regulatory molecules to bind, thereby changing the active sites affinity for a substrate to increase or decrease.

Allosteric Regulltion

This type of enzyme inhibition uses the activation site so substrate cannot bind Enzyme Inhibition where the Inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site

Competitive Inhibition Non-Competitive

What are produced by a cell to regulate the activity of enzymes

Allosteric inhibitors

2 ATP (net) Substrate-level Phosphorylation 2 NADH + 2 H ± Six different precursor metabolites

Glycolysis

NADPH + H+ two different precursor metabolites This cycle generates

Pentose phosphate cycle

This step is repeated 2 times to oxidize 2 molecules of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Generates 2 NADH + 2H+ one precursor metabolites

Transition step

This step is repeated twice to incorporate the two acetyl groups, generates: 2 ATP- substrate level Phosphorylation (may involve conversion of GTP) 2 Co2 6 NADH + 6H+ 2 FADH² Two different precursor metabolites

TCA cycle

Which central metabolic pathway produces the greatest number of different precursor metabolites?

Glycolysis

Oxidative Phosphorylation has 2 Steps. 1. The ETC uses the reducing power of ______ & _______ to generate Proton Motive Force 2. The enzyme __________ uses energy from the Proton Motive Force to drive the synthesis of ATP

NADH & FADH² ATP synthase

In prokaryotic cells the ETC is located in .... Eukaryotic....

Cytoplasmic membrane Mitochondria

The _____ is a series of membrane-embedded carries, that accepts electrons from NADH & FADH², passing those electrons to the next carrier. The energy released pumps protons across the membrane, generating an electrochemical gradient called...

ETC Proton motive force

3 types of carriers in the ETC 1. Lipid-soluble electron carriers of the ETC 2. Heme-containing proteins that carry electrons, usually as part of an electron transport chain 3. This organic group synthesizes FAD and other flavins are synthesized from the vitamin riboflavin

1. Quinones 2. Cytochromes 3. Flavoproteins

After protons pass through the membrane by the Proton pump they return back through the membrane by traveling through ________

ATP synthase

The movement of protons through the ATP synthase provides energy to turn ______ into ATP

ADP

2 reasons a cell uses Fermentation

Lack ETC No Oxygen for the Terminal Electron Acceptor

The steps that follow fermentation do what?

Oxidize NADH as a means to Regenerate NAD+

Exoenzymes are...

Enzymes that break down macromolecules

Glycerol is converted to a precursor metabolite called _____ which enters glycolysis

Dihydroxyacetone

Chlorophyll is green because it absorbs these colors of light.

Red and blue

Carotenoids are an example of these photosynthetic pigments that capture light energy not absorbed by chlorophylls

Accessory Pigments

Protein complexes in which chlorophyll and other light-gathering pigments are organized into...

Photosystems

Light-dependt reactions produce

ATP Reducing Power (NADPH or NADH)

Electron donors in the photosynthetic process, an example is chlorophyll a

Reaction-center pigments

What are the heart of light-dependant reactions

Photosystems

Type of photophorylation in which electrons are returned directly to the chlorophyll; Phototrophs use this to synthesize ATP without generating reducing power

Cyclic photophosphorylation

Type of photophosphorylation in which high-energy electrons are drawn off to generate reducing power; electrons must still be returned to chlorophyll, but they come from a source such as water.

Non-cycluc photophosphorylation

Cells of the 2 main groups of anoxygenic bacteria-purple and green bacteria- have how many photosystems? Do they produce O² as a bi product?

1 No

This stage in photosynthesis uses ATP & reducing power to synthesize organic compounds from CO²

Light independent reactionS

Various pigments arranged in ________ capture radiant energy

Photosystems

When ___________ pigments absorb that energy, high-energy electrons are emitted that are then passed along the _____________ to generate a Proton motive force, which is used to _________

Reaction-Center ETC Synthesize ATP

______ & _______ use water as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O²

Planta & cynobacteria

Process that converts inorganic carbon (CO²) to an organic form

Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation happens during which cycle?

Light-Independent

Calvin Cycle happens where?

Stroma

Where is the stroma located?

In the chloroplasts, surrounding the thylakoid membrane

CO² combines with a 5 carbon molecule called _______ , which quickly splits into two, three carbon molecules called ________, which gets converted into ______

RuBP 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

What in the Calvin Cycle combine to make glucose

G3P

The ______ is the most common pathway used to incorporate inorganic carbon into an organic form.

Calvin Cycle

To produce fatty acids the ____ group of acetyl-CoA is transferred to a carrier protein. Carbon atoms are added 2 at a time until it is about 16 units long

Acetyl

Many bacteria use _____ as their nitrogen source

Ammonium

This amino acid is important because it provides a mechanism for bacteria to incorporate nitrogen into organic materials

Glutamate

Alpha-ketoglutarate does what? When is it produced?

When combined with ammonia it becomes Glutamate TCA cycle

Synthesis of aromatic amino acids involves _________

Branching Pathways

In the ________ ETC, three different complex (I, III, IV) function as Proton Pumps

Mitochondrial

Which process removes the amino group when proteins are broken down for energy?

Deanimation

Photosynthesis depending on the organism, the process can be oxygenic or anoxygenic True or False

True

Is the Calvin Cycle involved in Carbon Fixing?

Yes

The glycerol component of a lipid os synthesized from

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transfered to acceptor keto-acids

Transamination

G=t × n What is this the formal for? What do the letters represent?

Microbial Growth Generation time= time × number of generations

H. pylori in the stomach produces ______ to split H²O into CO² thus decreasing Acidity

Urease

What is the destination for ribosomes attached to rough ER

Outside the cell

Catabolic reactions are (endergonic or exergonic) Anabolic reaction

Catabolic = exergonic Anabolic = endergonic

Dehydration reactions (synthesis) are this type of reaction

Anabolic/ endergonic

Hydrolysis are these types of reactions

Catabolic/ exergonic

Reactants on substrates ----->

Products

These reactions contain more energy than the products and releases energy

Exergonic

In these reactions the product contains more energy than the products and energy must be added

Endergonic

Are coenzymes specific?

10c rise in temp does what to the enzyme activity until optimum temperature is reached?

Doubles it

Rapid growth range for enzymes

25c - 35c

What controls activities of an enzyme?

Allosteric site

Allosteric inhibition is an example of competitive or noncompetitive competition?

Non-competitive

ATP goes to what do release energy?

ADP + P + ENERGY

Energy made directly from catabolism is called

Substrate level Phosphorylation

How many ATP produced from complete oxidation of glucose

FAD + 2H ----> NAD + H ---> What is this called? Respiration or photosynthesis

FADH² / NADH Reduction Respiration

NADP + H ----> What is NADP Respiration or photosynthesis

NADPH Coenzyme Photosynthesis

In the ETC FADH² & NADH are _______ to produce ATP from ADP

Oxidized

FADH² has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized NADH has enough energy to make _____ ATP when oxidized What other molecule is made as a result?

2 3 H²O

How many 3 carbon pyruvates are made from glucose

Embdew-Meyerhoff-Parnas is aka

Glycolysis

2 NADH & 2 ATP at substrate level Phosphorylation is the result of ...

Glycolysis

After glycolysis the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is for...

Bacteria

This cycle Removes the rest of the High Energy electrons & hydrogen from pyruvate Attaches electrons & hydrogen to Co enzymes NAD & FAD to produce NADH & FADH² Makes CO² from carbon in the pyruvates

TCA or kerbs or Citric Acid cycle

This cycle removes electrons (Oxidizes) from NADH & FADH² to make ATP from oxidative Phosphorylation The Hydrogen & electrons are then attached the the Terminal Electron Acceptor "Oxygen" to make H²O

ETC

2 pyruvates (3 carbon) 2 NADH 2 ATP From substrate level Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Transition step creates what 3 things? This step allows for what?

Acetyl-CoA CO² NADH Entry into the Kerbs cycle

Which cycle is Anaerobic

Glycolysis

What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis

It gets reduced to NADH

Glycolysis takes place where?

Cytoplasm

Which has higher energy NAD or FAD

NAD

The kerbs cycle combines Acetyl-CoA 1.(how many carbons) and combines it with oxalo acetic 2.(how many carbons) This forms a 3. ______ 4.(how many carbons? 5. _____ CO² are formed from the Acetyl-CoA 6.Electrons are removed from from Acetyl-CoA reducing NAD & FAD forming? 7. Coenzyme A is released to be used in...

1. 2 2. 4 3. Citrate 4.6 5. 2 6. 3 NADH & 1 FAD + ATP 7. Transition Reaction

1. In the ETC the FADH² & NADH are oxidized and used to Reduce O² to _____ 2. What is the Terminal Electron Acceptor in ETC and what does it get turned into

1 H²O 2. Oxygen H²O

3 steps of aerobic respiration Producing how many ATP

Glycolysis, Kerbs, ETC 36

1. Anaerobiclly these cycles can't happens? 2. (Fermentation of respiration) NADH + pyruvate---->

1. Kerbs ETC 2. Lactic acid + NAD

Yeast makes this from fermentation

Ethyl alcohol + NAD + CO²

Does the pentose phosphate pathway need oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration uses what as the Terminal Electron Acceptor

Nitrogen or Sulfur

NO³-

Nitrate

NO²-

Nitrate

N²O

Nitrous Oxide

N²

Nitrogen gas

SO⁴ (-²)

Sulfate

H²S

Hydrogen sulfide gas

Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonia to...

Nitrate

Nitrifying bacteria turn NH³ + O² --->

NO²

Nitrifying bacteria turn Nitrite to... NO² + O² --->

Nitrate NO³

Sulfur bacteria (chemolithrotrops) turn H²S + 2O² & S + 1 1/2 + H²O to

H²SO⁴

Hydrogen bacteria oxidize Hydrogen gas to

H²O

Light dependent reactions produce NADPH from which process

Breaking of water

Dark reactions reduce CO² to make

Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon) molecule

How many Glyceraldehyde make 1 glucose