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Pathogenic Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are taxa

A

Related groups

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2
Q

A collection of similar kingdoms

A

Domain

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3
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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4
Q

A collection of related species

A

Genus

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5
Q

The system of assigning names to organisms

A

Nomenclature

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6
Q

Evolutionary relatedness of organisms

A

Phylogeny

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7
Q

A group of closely related strains, the basic unit of taxonomy

A

Species

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8
Q

A pure culture isolate,, subgroup within species

A

Strain

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9
Q

Identification

Classification

Nomenclature

Are 3 interrelated areas of…

A

Taxonomy

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10
Q

Name a problem with trying to classify species of prokaryotoes

A

They do need breed like eukaryotes which is the primary way of defining an eukaryotic species

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11
Q

The domains are based on comparison of nucleotide sequences of (type of molecule)….

A

rRNA

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane: Hydrocarbon linked to glycerol by ether linkage

Cytoplasmic membrane: fatty acid linked to glycerol by ether linkage

A

Archea: Hydrocarbon

Bacteria & Eukaryotic: Fatty acids

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13
Q

Do archaea or bacteria have introns?

A

Archaea sometimes do

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14
Q

2 types of biochemical test and what they are looking for

A
  1. An assay for enzyme catalase. Drop of hydrogen peroxide is added to sample. If it bubbles then there is catalyse
  2. Fermenting sugars. Add specimen to a broth with a ph indicator liquid. If it ferments the sugar acid will be produced changing the color
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15
Q

A series of alternative choices that lead to the ID of an organism or object

A

Dichotomous key

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16
Q

_____ testing uses antibodies to detect specific proteins and polysaccharides

A

Serological testing

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17
Q

MALDI-TOF MS is used to

A

Identify microorganisms protein profile

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18
Q

Protiens and polysaccharides are sometimes unique enough to be considered identifying markers

T or F

A

T

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19
Q

These characteristics nucleotide sequences in certain rRNA genes, or their products, that can be used to classify or ID certain organisms

A

Signature sequence

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20
Q

_____ prokarytoic molecule is the most useful in taxonomy because of its moderate size

What is the Eukaryotic equivalent

A

S16 & S 18

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21
Q

Whole gene sequencing is a feasible method for ID a given isolate. An advantage is that it can predict _____

WGS is also used to study disease outbreaks

A

Antibiotic resistance

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22
Q

Morphology
Cultue characteristics
Metabolic capabilities
Serological testing
Protein profile

Are all this type of characteristics

A

Phenotype

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23
Q

Detecting specific nucleotide sequences
Sequencing rRNA
Whole genome sequencing

Are all this type of characteristics

A

Genotype

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24
Q

Microorganism can be iD by using NAAT (PCR) and a probe to detect….

A

Nucleotide sequence

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25
An advantage of using rRNA genes sequence to ID organisms
They don't need to be grown in a culture
26
When using a probe to detect an organsim, why is it necessary to have some idea of the organisms identity
A probe will only stick to a complementary nucleotide unit
27
Why is 16S RNA referred to as SSU RNA
It is the smallest subunit of the ribosome
28
A group of strains that have a characteristics biochemical pattern different from other strains are called
Biovar / biotype
29
A group of strains that have a characteristics antigen structure that differs from other strains are called
Serovar / Serotype
30
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern, used to distinguish between different bacterial strains
Antibiogram
31
Biochemical tests are most commonly used to ID bacteria, but in some cases they can distinguish between different strains. A group of strains that have a characteristics Biochemical pattern is called _____
Biovar / biotype
32
Proteins and carbohydrates that vary among strains can be used to differentiate strains. A group of strains that have a characteristics serological type is called ....
Serovar / serotype
33
Surveillance networks now use _____ to track outbreaks
Whole genome sequencing
34
Evolutionary relatedness
Phylogeny
35
A diagram that depicts the evolutionary heritage of organisms
Phylogenetic tree
36
What genes encode for rRNA
rDNA
37
rRNA is better at determining the phylogeny of (closely or distantly) related species
Distantly
38
In the whole genome sequence to assess the relatedness of two isolate shared genes are compared and a measure called _____ is then calculated
Average nucleotide identity
39
Differences in DNA sequences can be used to determine the point in time which two organisms diverged from a common ancestor. What type of characteristics are they looking for?
Genotypic characteristics
40
The extent of nucleotide sequence similarly between two isolates can be determined by measuring how completely single strands of their DNA hybridize to one another
DNA-DNA hybridization
41
This type of classification of microorganisms involves The nucleotide sequence of shared genes can be compared and the average nucleotide identity then calculated
Sequence analysis of genomes
42
The ______ can be measured by determining the temperature at which double-stranded DNA melts
G + C content
43
The "O157:H7" of E. coli O157:H7 refers to what Biotype Serotype Phage type Antibiogram
Serotype
44
Which is the newest taxonomic unit
Domain
45
Microscopic examination Culture characteristics Biochemical test Nucleic Acid analysis Symptoms of illness Are used to _____ Prokaryotes
Identify
46
Phylogeny is used to _____ prokaryotes
Classify
47
E. Coli Domain: Phylum Class Family Genus Species Strain
Domain Bacteria Phylum Protobacteria Class Gamma Protobacteria Family Enterobacteria Genus Escherichia Species Coli Strain 0157
48
Phenotypic characteristics Staining properties (3)
Gram Acidfast Capsule
49
Phenotypic characteristics Sugars utilized End products produced Size and color of colonies Differential media & selective responses Are of this type of differences
Metabolic difference
50
Bile salt select against certain bacteria Is this specific type of differential and selective medium
MacConkey agar
51
What does McConky agar use to select for?
Lactose sugar & PH indicator
52
Identify Protein and Polysaccharide structure of an organism
Serology
53
Fatty acid analysis (FAME) uses... To accomplish what?
Gas Chromatography ID species
54
Catalase test is positive if _____ are seen after H²O² is added
O² bubbles
55
Serological test use _____ to detect specific molecules
Antibodies
56
Two test that can be done in conjunction to ID specific nucleotide sequences
Nucleic acid probes Nucleic acid amplificación test
57
FISH probe for 16S rRNA to locate nucleotide sequence Does it require an amplification step
No
58
What is the most useful ribosome size for sequencing nucleic acids
16S rRNA
59
Proteins and carbohydrates that vary among strains can be used to differentiate strains. Is this type of typing
Serological
60
Gel electrophoresis can be used to detect restriction fragment length polymorphism. Whole-genome sequencing is increasingly being used to detect differences In this type of testing
Molecular typing
61
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns can be used to characterize strains in this procedure
Antibiograms
62
Molecular typing uses DNA sequences to distinguish _______ DNA cut with restriction enzymes. Seperate via _________ ( this machine/ technique) Patterns called _________
Strain length Gel electrophoresis Restriction fragment length polymorphism
63
______ makes it easier to use RFLP data to track food borne disease outbreaks (System established by CDC)
PulseNet
64
Classification historically based on...
Phenotypes
65
DNA sequencing allows construction of ...
Phylogenetic tree
66
Sequence analysis of _____ may not resolve at species level because closely related prokaryotes can have identical SSU _____ is a better tool in these cases
rRNA DNA Hybridization
67
The _____ is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.
Genome
68
_______ consists of a base (one of four chemicals: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) plus a molecule of sugar and one of phosphoric acid.
Nucleotide

Pathogenic Microbiology (31 decks)

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