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Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

mature RNA

A

copy of DNA that includes exons. (introns already cut out). this is what gets translated into amino acids

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2
Q

transcription

A

copies info from a DNA sequence (a gene) to a complementary RNA sequence. requires one strand of DNA to act as a template, nucleotides, an RNA polymerase (enzyme). occurs in nucleus. 3 phases: initiation, elongation and termination

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2
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

phase of transcription. requires a promoter. the start of transcription

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2
Q

transcribed into RNA and then cut out. intervening regions

A

noncoding regions / introns

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2
Q

wobble position

A

the last (3rd) position of the codon is not as important or picky. it can have different bases and result in same amino acid

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2
Q

P (polypeptide) site

A

tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where tRNA adds its amino acid to the growing chain

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2
Q

proteins are always made from amino terminus (N) to carboxyl terminus (C). amino acids are connected with covalent bonds called peptide bonds

A

N to C

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2
Q

has three tRNA binding sites: A (amino acid) site, P (polypeptide) site and E (exit) site

A

large ribosomal subunit

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2
Q

PKU

A

disease where people can’t break down phenylalanine, it builds up and hinders brain development. this happens if they eat a normal protein diet. this can be treated with a gene-environment interaction (special diet with protein that is already broken down past phenylalanine)

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2
Q

translation ends with stop codon enters A site. C terminus is the last amino acid added. stop codon binds a protein release factor. then ribosome falls apart, mRNA comes off ribosome, “everything falls apart”

A

termination (translation)

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2
Q

a post translational modification. cutting proteins. cut a long polypeptide chain into final products

A

proteolysis

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2
Q

disease where people can’t break down phenylalanine, it builds up and hinders brain development. this happens if they eat a normal protein diet. this can be treated with a gene-environment interaction (special diet with protein that is already broken down past phenylalanine)

A

PKU

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3
Q

noncoding regions / introns

A

transcribed into RNA and then cut out. intervening regions

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3
Q

nonsense mutation

A

change in DNA that results in a premature stop codon and therefore a shortened (truncated) protein. usually makes protein not functional (unless it is near the end at the 3’ end). “stop the nonsense”

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3
Q

frame-shift mutation

A

change in DNA caused by insertion or deletion of bases (any number that is not a multiple of 3). this shifts the “reading frame” and change the amino acids encoded because 3 codons encode 1 amino acid. this produces non functional proteins

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4
Q

glycosylation

A

a post translational modification. carbs/sugars added to protein

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5
Q

study of nucleic acids and proteins and often focuses on gene expression

A

molecular biology

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5
Q

links info in mRNA codons with specific amino acids. this binds to an amino acids and becomes “charged”. binds its anticodon to codon of mRNA (which is complementary). also interacts with ribosomes. must read codon correctly and deliver amino acids corresponding to each codon.

A

tRNA

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7
Q

mRNA

A

an RNA copy of the DNA, temporary molecule, carries this copy from nucleus to ribosome. 5’ cap and poly A tail are also added to this

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7
Q

initiation (translation)

A

after initiation complex is bound to mRNA, small subunit reads along mRNA looking for the start codon. then large subunit binds to the complex (with the APE site). tRNA enters ribosome at the P site (all other tRNA enters at A site).

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7
Q

pre-mRNA is not spliced correctly and an intron sequence is not removed. when it is translated it doesn’t encode for protein so it produces “garbage”, a non functional beta-globin protein that usually carries oxygen. this results in anemia and you need regular blood transfusions

A

mutation at intron consensus sequence (border between exon and intron)

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8
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

3 kinds of RNA in protein synthesis

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8
Q

E (exit) site

A

tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where tRNA sits before being released from the ribosome. (it will then get “recharged” by another amino acid)

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8
Q

fidelity function

A

in ribosomal small subunit, makes sure hydrogen bonds between codon and anticodon match up. checks for mimatches

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8
silent mutation
change in the DNA that doesn't affect the amino acids or proteins. e.g. occuring in introns or between genes, or if it changes a base that doesn't affect amino acid sequence (Wobble position)
9
dictates how protein will fold
primary structure
10
change in DNA that results in a premature stop codon and therefore a shortened (truncated) protein. usually makes protein not functional (unless it is near the end at the 3' end). "stop the nonsense"
nonsense mutation
11
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
stretch of amino acids that tell proteins to go to the nucleus
13
primary structure
dictates how protein will fold
14
signal sequence / signal peptide
tells proteins where to go in the cell
15
snRNPs
particles that bind consensus sequences between introns and exons. these recognize the splice sites
15
particles that bind consensus sequences between introns and exons. these recognize the splice sites
snRNPs
17
tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where tRNA sits before being released from the ribosome. (it will then get "recharged" by another amino acid)
E (exit) site
18
phase of transcription. requires a promoter. the start of transcription
initiation (transcription)
20
initiation complex
formed in initiation phase of translation. a charged tRNA and small ribosomal subunit are both bound to mRNA.
21
N to C
proteins are always made from amino terminus (N) to carboxyl terminus (C). amino acids are connected with covalent bonds called peptide bonds
22
polyribosome
several ribosomes can work to translate the same mRNA, even at the same time. multiple ribosomes attached to mRNA at the same time. create multiple copies of a polypeptide
24
a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that encode for 1 amino acid
codon
25
an RNA copy of the DNA, temporary molecule, carries this copy from nucleus to ribosome. 5' cap and poly A tail are also added to this
mRNA
27
the last (3rd) position of the codon is not as important or picky. it can have different bases and result in same amino acid
wobble position
28
rRNA
in the ribosome, in both the large and small subunit of ribosome, during translation this catalyzes formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
28
direct copy of DNA, includes introns and exons
pre mRNA (primary mRNA)
30
RNA splicing machine. snRNPs and other proteins are added to form this RNA protein complex. it cuts pre-mRNA, releases introns and splices exons together to form mature RNA
splicesome
32
sequences of DNA that are expressed as proteins. these are spliced together in RNA
coding regions / exons
33
after initiation complex is bound to mRNA, small subunit reads along mRNA looking for the start codon. then large subunit binds to the complex (with the APE site). tRNA enters ribosome at the P site (all other tRNA enters at A site).
initiation (translation)
35
elongation (translation)
2nd (and so on) charged tRNA enter ribosome at A site. the large subunit catalyzes the break between the tRNA in the P site and its amino acid. also catalyzes formation of peptide bond between amino acid that amino acid and the amino acid attached to tRNA in the A site
37
substitution of 1 amino acid for another. results in defective protein, reduced protein efficiency or a gain of function. e.g. sickle cell disease
missence mutation
38
RNA polymerase
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA based on DNA template strand, does not require a primer or existing 3' end to add to
38
AUG, initiates signal for translation
start codon
39
2nd (and so on) charged tRNA enter ribosome at A site. the large subunit catalyzes the break between the tRNA in the P site and its amino acid. also catalyzes formation of peptide bond between amino acid that amino acid and the amino acid attached to tRNA in the A site
elongation (translation)
41
added to mRNA 5' end. facilitates binding and prevents mRNA breakdown
5' cap / G cap
42
copies info from a DNA sequence (a gene) to a complementary RNA sequence. requires one strand of DNA to act as a template, nucleotides, an RNA polymerase (enzyme). occurs in nucleus. 3 phases: initiation, elongation and termination
transcription
43
termination
phase of transcription. ends transcription. RNA and double stranded DNA separate.
44
alternative splicing
a single gene results in a variety of mRNAs and polypeptides. splice together different exons (always in consecutive order, not scrambles, but some may be skipped). this created a variety of proteins and allows us to adapt
46
tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where tRNA adds its amino acid to the growing chain
P (polypeptide) site
47
a post translational modification. protein kinases add phosphate groups to protein, making it negative, and changing confirmation of protein
phosphorylation
48
change in the DNA that doesn't affect the amino acids or proteins. e.g. occuring in introns or between genes, or if it changes a base that doesn't affect amino acid sequence (Wobble position)
silent mutation
49
stretch of amino acids that tell proteins to go to the nucleus
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
51
tRNA
links info in mRNA codons with specific amino acids. this binds to an amino acids and becomes "charged". binds its anticodon to codon of mRNA (which is complementary). also interacts with ribosomes. must read codon correctly and deliver amino acids corresponding to each codon.
52
large ribosomal subunit
has three tRNA binding sites: A (amino acid) site, P (polypeptide) site and E (exit) site
53
several ribosomes can work to translate the same mRNA, even at the same time. multiple ribosomes attached to mRNA at the same time. create multiple copies of a polypeptide
polyribosome
54
start codon
AUG, initiates signal for translation
56
converts RNA sequence to amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. occurs on ribosome. 3 steps: initiation, elongation and termination
translation
57
removes introns from pre mRNA and splices exons together
RNA splicing
58
change in DNA caused by insertion or deletion of bases (any number that is not a multiple of 3). this shifts the "reading frame" and change the amino acids encoded because 3 codons encode 1 amino acid. this produces non functional proteins
frame-shift mutation
59
mutation at intron consensus sequence (border between exon and intron)
pre-mRNA is not spliced correctly and an intron sequence is not removed. when it is translated it doesn't encode for protein so it produces "garbage", a non functional beta-globin protein that usually carries oxygen. this results in anemia and you need regular blood transfusions
60
molecular biology
study of nucleic acids and proteins and often focuses on gene expression
60
tells proteins where to go in the cell
signal sequence / signal peptide
61
The Genetic Code
specifies which nucleotides in the RNA encode amino acids in a protein. nearly universal and facilitates genetic engineering. e.g. start codon and stop codon. there is more than one codon for most amino acids. but each codon specifies only one amino acid
62
promoter
a DNA sequence that binds RNA polymerase. this tells RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which strand of DNA to transcribe. this is needed in initiation
64
copy of DNA that includes exons. (introns already cut out). this is what gets translated into amino acids
mature RNA
65
"molecular workbench". this holds mRNA and charged tRNA in correct positions to allow proteins to assemble. has a large and small subunit. this is not specific to a particular protein
ribosomes
67
codon
a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that encode for 1 amino acid
69
a DNA sequence that binds RNA polymerase. this tells RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which strand of DNA to transcribe. this is needed in initiation
promoter
70
3 kinds of RNA in protein synthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)
71
translation
converts RNA sequence to amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. occurs on ribosome. 3 steps: initiation, elongation and termination
71
5' cap / G cap
added to mRNA 5' end. facilitates binding and prevents mRNA breakdown
72
formed in initiation phase of translation. a charged tRNA and small ribosomal subunit are both bound to mRNA.
initiation complex
74
pre mRNA (primary mRNA)
direct copy of DNA, includes introns and exons
75
sickle cell disease
disease caused by a mutation in a beta-globin polypeptide. results in anemia (impaired ability of the blood to carry oxygen)
77
phosphorylation
a post translational modification. protein kinases add phosphate groups to protein, making it negative, and changing confirmation of protein
78
A (amino acid) site
tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA (lines up correct amino acid)
80
phase of transcription. ends transcription. RNA and double stranded DNA separate.
termination
82
missence mutation
substitution of 1 amino acid for another. results in defective protein, reduced protein efficiency or a gain of function. e.g. sickle cell disease
83
phase of transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a localized area of DNA, reads the template strand, and adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the new RNA strand (RNA made 5' to 3' and antiparallel of DNA). RNA polymerase proofreads but makes more mistakes than DNA polymerase
elongation (transcription)
84
termination (translation)
translation ends with stop codon enters A site. C terminus is the last amino acid added. stop codon binds a protein release factor. then ribosome falls apart, mRNA comes off ribosome, "everything falls apart"
85
RNA splicing
removes introns from pre mRNA and splices exons together
86
in ribosomal small subunit, makes sure hydrogen bonds between codon and anticodon match up. checks for mimatches
fidelity function
87
coding regions / exons
sequences of DNA that are expressed as proteins. these are spliced together in RNA
88
added to 3' end of mRNA. adds stability and assists in exporting mRNA from the nucleus. gives enzymes that degrades mRNA something (a bunch of AAAAA) to chew on
poly A tail
90
elongation (transcription)
phase of transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds a localized area of DNA, reads the template strand, and adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the new RNA strand (RNA made 5' to 3' and antiparallel of DNA). RNA polymerase proofreads but makes more mistakes than DNA polymerase
91
a post translational modification. carbs/sugars added to protein
glycosylation
92
tRNA binding site in ribosome large subunit. where charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA (lines up correct amino acid)
A (amino acid) site
93
specifies which nucleotides in the RNA encode amino acids in a protein. nearly universal and facilitates genetic engineering. e.g. start codon and stop codon. there is more than one codon for most amino acids. but each codon specifies only one amino acid
The Genetic Code
94
splicesome
RNA splicing machine. snRNPs and other proteins are added to form this RNA protein complex. it cuts pre-mRNA, releases introns and splices exons together to form mature RNA
95
in the ribosome, in both the large and small subunit of ribosome, during translation this catalyzes formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
rRNA
96
a single gene results in a variety of mRNAs and polypeptides. splice together different exons (always in consecutive order, not scrambles, but some may be skipped). this created a variety of proteins and allows us to adapt
alternative splicing
97
ribosomes
"molecular workbench". this holds mRNA and charged tRNA in correct positions to allow proteins to assemble. has a large and small subunit. this is not specific to a particular protein
98
proteolysis
a post translational modification. cutting proteins. cut a long polypeptide chain into final products
100
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA based on DNA template strand, does not require a primer or existing 3' end to add to
RNA polymerase
101
disease caused by a mutation in a beta-globin polypeptide. results in anemia (impaired ability of the blood to carry oxygen)
sickle cell disease
102
poly A tail
added to 3' end of mRNA. adds stability and assists in exporting mRNA from the nucleus. gives enzymes that degrades mRNA something (a bunch of AAAAA) to chew on

Biology (13 decks)

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