carrier protein
helps in faciliated diffusion. this speeds up the rate of diffusion for one kind of molecule. specific substances bind to it which changes the proteins shape so those same substances can pass through. when enough substrate is binding to it it reaches max velocity
this is a type of primary transport and a transmembrane protein. for every ATP 3 Na is pumped out of cell and 2 K is pumped into the cell.
sodium-potassium pump
type of passive transport, simple diffusion for H2O. some people think it is small enough to get past hydrophobic region of membrane or hitchhikes with other ions or passes via water only channels called aquaporins
osmosis
cytoplasmic receptor
receptor in cytoplasm for small or nonpolar particles than can diffuse across membrane (like hormones, cortisol). very few particles have this.
endocytosis
process of moving macromolecules (that are too big to pass through membranes) into the cell via vesicles. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and recepter-mediated endocytosis
symporter
type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in the same direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient then glucose "hitchhikes" with it (against its concentration gradient)
signals that affect themselves, affect the same cell that release the signals
autocrine signals
G-protein linked receptors
type of membrane receptor. transfers signals outside to inside cell. ligand binds to this receptor, GDP changes to GTP, activates G protein inside cell, G protein travels down membrane and hits an effector protein. causes effect in the cell. this signal is amplified
hypertonic
more solutes than the other side
type of passive transport. protein helps as a channel or carrier
facilitated diffusion
ABC transporter
type of primary active transport. a transmembrane protein that pumps compounds (like drugs/toxins) out of the cell
autocrine signals
signals that affect themselves, affect the same cell that release the signals
simple diffusion
type of passive transport. molecules move directly through the plasma membrane, O2 and CO2 do this
proteins that are partly or fully embedded in the bilayer, has hydrophobic regions. some types are transmembrane and anchored membrane proteins
integral membrane proteins
helps in faciliated diffusion. this speeds up the rate of diffusion for one kind of molecule. specific substances bind to it which changes the proteins shape so those same substances can pass through. when enough substrate is binding to it it reaches max velocity
carrier protein
type of endocytosis. cell eating. surrounds a solid particle and brings it into a cell.
phagocytosis
hydrophobic molecules
type of second messengers. in membrane and regulate membrane, includes DAG
phospholipase C
enzyme, acts as scissors. cuts a membrane phospholipid molecule into DAG and IP3. it is activated by some G proteins
osmosis
type of passive transport, simple diffusion for H2O. some people think it is small enough to get past hydrophobic region of membrane or hitchhikes with other ions or passes via water only channels called aquaporins
phagocytosis
type of endocytosis. cell eating. surrounds a solid particle and brings it into a cell.
type of primary active transport. a transmembrane protein that pumps compounds (like drugs/toxins) out of the cell
ABC transporter
type of integral membrane protein. it is anchored in place in the membrane with a hydrophobic lipid tail or the cytoskeleton
anchored membrane protein
less solute concentration than the other side
hypotonic
type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in the same direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient then glucose "hitchhikes" with it (against its concentration gradient)
symporter
receptor in cytoplasm for small or nonpolar particles than can diffuse across membrane (like hormones, cortisol). very few particles have this.
cytoplasmic receptor
type of second messenger. in cytosol. includes IP3 and cAMP
hydrophillic molecule
type of second messenger and hydrophillic molecule. binds to a IP3 gated Ca Ion channel on smooth ER. this releases calcium from ER into cytoplasm and interacts with DAG to activate protein kinsae C
IP3
second messenger
an intermediate between primary response and the response inside the cell (the cascade of responses). three types: hydrophobic molecules, hydrophillic molescules (cAMP) and gases.
type of membrane receptor, change shape when ligand bonds to it. this shape change exposes it's active site which adds phosphates (with neg charge) to other proteins and turns enzymes on/off, adds phosphate group to a specific target
protein kinase receptors
An integral membrane protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer. it has hydrophilic side chains and allows subtances to move across the membrane
Transmembrane protein
