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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

carrier protein

A

helps in faciliated diffusion. this speeds up the rate of diffusion for one kind of molecule. specific substances bind to it which changes the proteins shape so those same substances can pass through. when enough substrate is binding to it it reaches max velocity

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1
Q

this is a type of primary transport and a transmembrane protein. for every ATP 3 Na is pumped out of cell and 2 K is pumped into the cell.

A

sodium-potassium pump

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2
Q

type of passive transport, simple diffusion for H2O. some people think it is small enough to get past hydrophobic region of membrane or hitchhikes with other ions or passes via water only channels called aquaporins

A

osmosis

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2
Q

cytoplasmic receptor

A

receptor in cytoplasm for small or nonpolar particles than can diffuse across membrane (like hormones, cortisol). very few particles have this.

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3
Q

endocytosis

A

process of moving macromolecules (that are too big to pass through membranes) into the cell via vesicles. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and recepter-mediated endocytosis

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4
Q

symporter

A

type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in the same direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient then glucose “hitchhikes” with it (against its concentration gradient)

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4
Q

signals that affect themselves, affect the same cell that release the signals

A

autocrine signals

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6
Q

G-protein linked receptors

A

type of membrane receptor. transfers signals outside to inside cell. ligand binds to this receptor, GDP changes to GTP, activates G protein inside cell, G protein travels down membrane and hits an effector protein. causes effect in the cell. this signal is amplified

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7
Q

hypertonic

A

more solutes than the other side

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7
Q

type of passive transport. protein helps as a channel or carrier

A

facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

ABC transporter

A

type of primary active transport. a transmembrane protein that pumps compounds (like drugs/toxins) out of the cell

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7
Q

autocrine signals

A

signals that affect themselves, affect the same cell that release the signals

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9
Q

simple diffusion

A

type of passive transport. molecules move directly through the plasma membrane, O2 and CO2 do this

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10
Q

proteins that are partly or fully embedded in the bilayer, has hydrophobic regions. some types are transmembrane and anchored membrane proteins

A

integral membrane proteins

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11
Q

helps in faciliated diffusion. this speeds up the rate of diffusion for one kind of molecule. specific substances bind to it which changes the proteins shape so those same substances can pass through. when enough substrate is binding to it it reaches max velocity

A

carrier protein

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12
Q

type of endocytosis. cell eating. surrounds a solid particle and brings it into a cell.

A

phagocytosis

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12
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

type of second messengers. in membrane and regulate membrane, includes DAG

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13
Q

phospholipase C

A

enzyme, acts as scissors. cuts a membrane phospholipid molecule into DAG and IP3. it is activated by some G proteins

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14
Q

osmosis

A

type of passive transport, simple diffusion for H2O. some people think it is small enough to get past hydrophobic region of membrane or hitchhikes with other ions or passes via water only channels called aquaporins

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14
Q

phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis. cell eating. surrounds a solid particle and brings it into a cell.

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15
Q

type of primary active transport. a transmembrane protein that pumps compounds (like drugs/toxins) out of the cell

A

ABC transporter

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16
Q

type of integral membrane protein. it is anchored in place in the membrane with a hydrophobic lipid tail or the cytoskeleton

A

anchored membrane protein

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16
Q

less solute concentration than the other side

A

hypotonic

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17
Q

type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in the same direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient then glucose “hitchhikes” with it (against its concentration gradient)

A

symporter

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17
receptor in cytoplasm for small or nonpolar particles than can diffuse across membrane (like hormones, cortisol). very few particles have this.
cytoplasmic receptor
18
type of second messenger. in cytosol. includes IP3 and cAMP
hydrophillic molecule
18
type of second messenger and hydrophillic molecule. binds to a IP3 gated Ca Ion channel on smooth ER. this releases calcium from ER into cytoplasm and interacts with DAG to activate protein kinsae C
IP3
19
second messenger
an intermediate between primary response and the response inside the cell (the cascade of responses). three types: hydrophobic molecules, hydrophillic molescules (cAMP) and gases.
19
type of membrane receptor, change shape when ligand bonds to it. this shape change exposes it's active site which adds phosphates (with neg charge) to other proteins and turns enzymes on/off, adds phosphate group to a specific target
protein kinase receptors
20
An integral membrane protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer. it has hydrophilic side chains and allows subtances to move across the membrane
Transmembrane protein
21
more solutes than the other side
hypertonic
22
protein kinase receptors
type of membrane receptor, change shape when ligand bonds to it. this shape change exposes it's active site which adds phosphates (with neg charge) to other proteins and turns enzymes on/off, adds phosphate group to a specific target
23
helps in facilitated diffusion. a hole/pore w/ hydrophillic tunnel going thru hydrophobic membrane. it moves charged ions through membrane. it is an electrochemical gradient. it has 3 types of gates: voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels and mechanially gated channels
ion channel proteins
24
type of second messenger and hydrophillic molecule. derivative of ATP. often delivers message from ligand to enzyme
cAMP, cyclic AMP
26
type of membrane receptor. transfers signals outside to inside cell. ligand binds to this receptor, GDP changes to GTP, activates G protein inside cell, G protein travels down membrane and hits an effector protein. causes effect in the cell. this signal is amplified
G-protein linked receptors
26
enzyme, acts as scissors. cuts a membrane phospholipid molecule into DAG and IP3. it is activated by some G proteins
phospholipase C
27
IP3
type of second messenger and hydrophillic molecule. binds to a IP3 gated Ca Ion channel on smooth ER. this releases calcium from ER into cytoplasm and interacts with DAG to activate protein kinsae C
28
an intermediate between primary response and the response inside the cell (the cascade of responses). three types: hydrophobic molecules, hydrophillic molescules (cAMP) and gases.
second messenger
30
paracrine signals
signals that diffuse to and affect nearby cells
32
process of moving macromolecules (that are too big to pass through membranes) into the cell via vesicles. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and recepter-mediated endocytosis
endocytosis
34
sodium-potassium pump
this is a type of primary transport and a transmembrane protein. for every ATP 3 Na is pumped out of cell and 2 K is pumped into the cell.
36
model of membranes in which proteins can move side to side laterally in the cell membrane. affected by temperature and lipid composition (unsaturated fatty acid is liquid at room temp and more fluid)
fluid mosaic model
37
primary active transport
moves substances against the concentration gradient and requires ATP. energy source is ATP hydrolysis. 2 types are sodium-potassium pump and ABC transporter
38
membrane receptor
most substances have this kind of receptor bc signal can't cross the membrane. they are usually large and polar. signal binds to extracellular site, there is a shape change and cell response. 3 types: ion channel receptors, protein kinase receptor, G-protein linked receptor
39
type of endocytosis. bringing specific substances into the cell. depends on receptors that bind to specific molecules. uses vesicles with coated pits around it to bring substances in. can allow cells to acquire bulk quantities of dilute substances (like cholesterol in blood). allows cells to control their internal processes by controlling location/abundance of each type of recepter on membrane.
recepter-mediated endocytosis
40
type of passive transport. molecules move directly through the plasma membrane, O2 and CO2 do this
simple diffusion
40
recepter-mediated endocytosis
type of endocytosis. bringing specific substances into the cell. depends on receptors that bind to specific molecules. uses vesicles with coated pits around it to bring substances in. can allow cells to acquire bulk quantities of dilute substances (like cholesterol in blood). allows cells to control their internal processes by controlling location/abundance of each type of recepter on membrane.
41
fluid mosaic model
model of membranes in which proteins can move side to side laterally in the cell membrane. affected by temperature and lipid composition (unsaturated fatty acid is liquid at room temp and more fluid)
43
type of endocytosis. cell drinking. brings fluids into the cell. used for absorption of extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
44
internal pressure against cell wall as water builds up it prevents more water from entering. this keeps plants upright
turgor pressure
45
ligand gated channel
a type of ion channel and ion channel receptor. it opens when a specific ligand/chemcal binds to it and allows ions to pass through (ligand doesn't pass through). it makes a hydrophillic passage so ions can pass through. this can be on inside or outside of the cell. it is also a type of membrane receptor
46
signals that diffuse to and affect nearby cells
paracrine signals
47
moves substances against the concentration gradient and requires ATP. energy source is ATP hydrolysis. 2 types are sodium-potassium pump and ABC transporter
primary active transport
48
hypotonic
less solute concentration than the other side
48
pinocytosis
type of endocytosis. cell drinking. brings fluids into the cell. used for absorption of extracellular fluid
50
signals that travel to distance cells. e.g. hormones like estrogen
endocrine
51
most substances have this kind of receptor bc signal can't cross the membrane. they are usually large and polar. signal binds to extracellular site, there is a shape change and cell response. 3 types: ion channel receptors, protein kinase receptor, G-protein linked receptor
membrane receptor
52
a type of ion channel and ion channel receptor. it opens when a specific ligand/chemcal binds to it and allows ions to pass through (ligand doesn't pass through). it makes a hydrophillic passage so ions can pass through. this can be on inside or outside of the cell. it is also a type of membrane receptor
ligand gated channel
53
equal amount of solutes as the other side
isotonic
54
hydrophillic molecule
type of second messenger. in cytosol. includes IP3 and cAMP
55
endocrine
signals that travel to distance cells. e.g. hormones like estrogen
57
cAMP, cyclic AMP
type of second messenger and hydrophillic molecule. derivative of ATP. often delivers message from ligand to enzyme
59
moves ions against their concentration gradient. gets energy from ions moving down their concentration gradient. no ATP required. 2 types (coupled transporters) are symporter and antiporter
secondary active transport
59
process of moving macromolecules (that are too big to pass through membranes) out of the cell via vesicles. dumps contents into the extracellular fluids
exocytosis
59
type of second messengers. in membrane and regulate membrane, includes DAG
hydrophobic molecules
60
signaling can initiate a cascade of protein interaction through multiple steps. one signal molecule leading to a big response throughout the cell via amplifying and distributing it. useful in a fight or flight situation when a signal can release 10,000 glucose molecules. this begins when a G-protein linked receptor is stimulated with activates G protein, then adenylyl cyclase (effector protein) and then cAMP.
signal transduction cascade
61
integral membrane proteins
proteins that are partly or fully embedded in the bilayer, has hydrophobic regions. some types are transmembrane and anchored membrane proteins
63
ligand
a chemical that binds to receptors to change their shape and this change in shape initiates cellular response. this binding is reversible
64
signal transduction cascade
signaling can initiate a cascade of protein interaction through multiple steps. one signal molecule leading to a big response throughout the cell via amplifying and distributing it. useful in a fight or flight situation when a signal can release 10,000 glucose molecules. this begins when a G-protein linked receptor is stimulated with activates G protein, then adenylyl cyclase (effector protein) and then cAMP.
66
Transmembrane protein
An integral membrane protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer. it has hydrophilic side chains and allows subtances to move across the membrane
67
anchored membrane protein
type of integral membrane protein. it is anchored in place in the membrane with a hydrophobic lipid tail or the cytoskeleton
68
proteins that are not embedded in the bilayer and lack a hydrophobic region. they have polar regions
peripheral membrane proteins
69
ion channel proteins
helps in facilitated diffusion. a hole/pore w/ hydrophillic tunnel going thru hydrophobic membrane. it moves charged ions through membrane. it is an electrochemical gradient. it has 3 types of gates: voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels and mechanially gated channels
70
isotonic
equal amount of solutes as the other side
71
type of second messenger. can diffuse through membrane and cytosol
gases
73
signal transduction pathway
a sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions in a cell that follows the receptors activation by a signal and leads to the cell's response. signal molecule binds to receptor and it has a confirmational change (change in shape) and leads to a response. cell needs a receptor to respond. this whole process requires a signal, receptor and response. produces short-term or long-term responses. common mechanism to get this to work is allosteric regulation
75
juxtacrine signals
signaling and responding cells that are in direct contact
76
turgor pressure
internal pressure against cell wall as water builds up it prevents more water from entering. this keeps plants upright
78
exocytosis
process of moving macromolecules (that are too big to pass through membranes) out of the cell via vesicles. dumps contents into the extracellular fluids
79
a sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions in a cell that follows the receptors activation by a signal and leads to the cell's response. signal molecule binds to receptor and it has a confirmational change (change in shape) and leads to a response. cell needs a receptor to respond. this whole process requires a signal, receptor and response. produces short-term or long-term responses. common mechanism to get this to work is allosteric regulation
signal transduction pathway
80
signaling and responding cells that are in direct contact
juxtacrine signals
82
type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in opposite direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient, Ca moves agains concentration gradient
antiporter
83
antiporter
type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in opposite direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient, Ca moves agains concentration gradient
84
secondary active transport
moves ions against their concentration gradient. gets energy from ions moving down their concentration gradient. no ATP required. 2 types (coupled transporters) are symporter and antiporter
85
gases
type of second messenger. can diffuse through membrane and cytosol
86
facilitated diffusion
type of passive transport. protein helps as a channel or carrier
87
peripheral membrane proteins
proteins that are not embedded in the bilayer and lack a hydrophobic region. they have polar regions
88
a chemical that binds to receptors to change their shape and this change in shape initiates cellular response. this binding is reversible
ligand

Biology (13 decks)

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