allele
different forms of genes (such as round or wrinkled in seeds). each chromosome has one of these. we have 2 copies of every chromosomes so we have 2 of these for each gene. one from mom and one from dad
dominant
trait that appears in F1, Rr - big R
Mendel's 1st law. two copies of a gene separate when an individual makes gametes. during meiosis, each gamete receives only one copy of each gene.
law of segregation
crossing parental varieties with one trait that is different crossing two homozygous parents on one trait to get a heterozygous F1. this is a 2x2 Punnett square
monohybrids
do this to find out if the what the genotype of an organism is. cross unkown F1 with a known homozygous recessive (rr) because it doesn't mask the phenotype
test cross
recombinant
offspring that look part paternal and part maternal, this means there was a crossing over event
males (XY) are this, only one copy of the X chromosome
hemizygous
Expressivity
a parameter that describes the effects of the environment on the genotype. the degree to which genotype is expressed in an individual
we only get mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA (organelles) from the mom
maternal or cytoplasmic inheritance
locus, loci (pl.)
where a gene is located in a chromosome
epistasis
the phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene
two copies of the homozygous allele (either dominant or recessive), it can only pass on 1 trait
true-breeding individual
2 copies of the same allele. RR, rr
homozygous
offspring that look part paternal and part maternal, this means there was a crossing over event
recombinant
second filial generation (F2)
offspring of first filial generation
Mendel's 2nd law. copies of different genes on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation
law of independent assortment
how close are two genes on a chromosome? this can alter their patterns of inheritance. if they are further apart crossing over is more common, if they are closer together they are more tightly linked
linkage analysis
X-linked recessive inheritance
phenotypes that appear much more often in males because women are XX and one X can "mask" the other X, while XY is hemizygous
you get one copy of DNA carried on a chromosome from each parent. each chromosome remains distinct and intact (doesn't blend). you get 2 genes for each trait, one from each parent. Mendel's theory
particulate theory of inheritance
hemizygous
males (XY) are this, only one copy of the X chromosome
a parameter that describes the effects of the environment on the genotype. the proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype (100% in Huntington's disease, if you have a copy you will get the disease)
penetrance
monohybrids
crossing parental varieties with one trait that is different crossing two homozygous parents on one trait to get a heterozygous F1. this is a 2x2 Punnett square
heterozygous
2 different alles, Rr
different forms of genes (such as round or wrinkled in seeds). each chromosome has one of these. we have 2 copies of every chromosomes so we have 2 of these for each gene. one from mom and one from dad
allele
this disorder is in a gene on the X chromosome (which is larger than Y and has a lot of genes). this causes X-linked recessive phenotypes
sex-linked inheritance
2 different alles, Rr
heterozygous
where a gene is located in a chromosome
locus, loci (pl.)
penetrance
a parameter that describes the effects of the environment on the genotype. the proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype (100% in Huntington's disease, if you have a copy you will get the disease)
allele present in the majority of the population, not mutant
wild-type allele
offspring of peranetal generation
first filial generation (F1)
