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Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme with RNA sequence that acts as a template for telomeric DNA sequences

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1
Q

germ line mutation

A

occurs in germ line cells that make gametes. A gamete passes this mutation on at fertilization. gets passed on to offspring

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1
Q

exons (coding regions)

A

region of the gene that contain sequences within the transcribed region that are translated to protein. they get spliced together and make protein

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1
Q

amplifying a fragment of DNA in a test tube for chemical analysis and genetic manipulations. this amplifies exponentially and makes millions of identical copies of thise DNA fragment. it uses DNA template, high temperature, 2 short primers, the four dNTP’s and salts/buffer to maintain pH

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

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1
Q

enzyme that “sews” up the gaps in the lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

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2
Q

deletions

A

kind of chromosomal mutations. result in the removal of part of the genetic material and can have severe or fatal
consequences

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2
Q

induced mutation

A

cause of mutation. due to an outside agent, like a mutagen. chemicals can cause deamination. also caused by radiation

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3
Q

polymer of nucleotides. stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel) and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. one nucleotide is pentose sugar(deoxyribose), nitogenous base (A, T, G, C) and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable

A

DNA

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4
Q

somatic mutation

A

occurs in somatic (body) cells.
It is passed on by mitosis but not to sexually-produced offspring.

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4
Q

inversions

A

kind of chromosomal mutation. result from a segment of the chromosome breaking off, “flipping,” and
rejoining.

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5
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the complementary strand of DNA. it is very fast. new nucleotides form base pairs with template strands that are linked together by phosphodeister bonds. new DNA strand is made 5’ to 3’. it adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primer. it also replaces RNA primer with DNA

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6
Q

conditional mutations

A

cause phenotypes to change under restrictive conditions (like temperature) but are not detectable under permissive conditions. e.g. rabbit with different colored feet and ears.

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7
Q

DNA replication starts by binding this large protein complex to a specific site (ori) on DNA molecule. this complex includes DNA polymerase

A

pre-replication complex

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7
Q

region of the gene that contain sequences within the transcribed region that are translated to protein. they get spliced together and make protein

A

exons (coding regions)

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8
Q

bacteriophages

A

virus with DNA and a little protein that inject its DNA into bacteria. this hijacks the bacteria cell and turns it into a virus making factory before “exploding”

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9
Q

radicals

A

created by ionization radiation. they are highly reactive and can change/break DNA backbone

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10
Q

nucleotide

A

basic unit in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base

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11
Q

cause of mutation. occurs with no outside influence. caused when a base is temporarily the rare tautomer it can pair with the wrong base. also caused by deamination. also caused by imperfect meiosis which results in nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes

A

spontaneous mutation

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11
Q

benefits of mutations

A

provides raw material for evolution, in somatic cells they may benefit the organism immediately, they may cause an advantageous change in offspring

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12
Q

multiple origins (ori sites) of replication

A

eukaryotic chromosomes and linear and very long so they have this to speed up replication

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12
Q

a starter strand to begin DNA replication. complementary to DNA template. short sequence and temporary. provides 3’ end to add nucleotides to

A

RNA primer

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13
Q

counteracts chromosome shortening and prevents chromosome ends from joining each other. a repetitive sequence at the ends of chromosomes. non important DNA. they will be cut off instead of chromsomes. made by telomerase

A

telomeres

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14
Q

transgenic organism

A

when recombinant DNA is incorporated into a host cell’s genes. used as a marker in research. to see if a gene got into the organism

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15
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the complementary strand of DNA. it is very fast. new nucleotides form base pairs with template strands that are linked together by phosphodeister bonds. new DNA strand is made 5’ to 3’. it adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primer. it also replaces RNA primer with DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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17
enzyme with RNA sequence that acts as a template for telomeric DNA sequences
telomerase
17
DNA repair mechanism. as DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, if they are paired incorrectly they are removed and correct nucleotide is added
proofreading
18
translocations
kind of chromosomal mutation. occurs when a segment of DNA breaks off and is inserted into a nonhomologous chromosome, which may lead to duplications and deletions.
19
mutagens
substances that cause mutations, such as radiation or certain chemicals
20
form of a base. each base has two of these. if it is temporarily the rare form it can pair with the wrong base and lead to spontaneous mutations
tautomers
21
basic unit in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base
nucleotide
23
during DNA replication, the 2 parental strands are separated and used as a template to make a new strand. the 2 new DNA double helix are made of 1 strand of parental DNA and 1 strand of new DNA
semiconservative replication
23
silent mutation
effect of mutation, doesn't affect protein
24
mutations
changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that are passed on from one cell to another. they are heritable. errors not corrected by repair systems. leads to a permanent change in DNA sequence
25
occurs in germ line cells that make gametes. A gamete passes this mutation on at fertilization. gets passed on to offspring
germ line mutation
26
minor groove
smaller gap between the pentose sugars(deoxyribose) in DNA
28
semiconservative replication
during DNA replication, the 2 parental strands are separated and used as a template to make a new strand. the 2 new DNA double helix are made of 1 strand of parental DNA and 1 strand of new DNA
30
new strand of DNA. moves away from the fork. synthesis of this occurs in small, discontinuous stretches (called Okazaki fragments) until it runs into the previous fragment. needs primer for each fragment. has gaps that are "sewed up" by DNA ligase
lagging strand
32
chromosomal mutation
type of mutation. rarer but more extensive; it may change the position of the “arm” of a chromosome or it may cause a DNA segment to be duplicated or lost. e.g. translocation
33
gain of function mutations
effect of mutation. lead to change of function. can lead to adaptive changes. sometimes an imporvement.
35
DNA must be ___ to be genetic material
present in cell nucleus and in chromosomes, double in the cell cycle, twice as abundant in diploid, and the same pattern of transmission as the genetic information
36
new strand of DNA made in the direction of the unzipping (towards the fork)
leading strand
37
wider gap between the pentose sugars(deoxyribose) in DNA. where we get interactions between DNA and protein. protein can look at and access DNA sequencing
major groove
38
loss of function mutations
effect of mutation. lead to proteins that don't work. e.g. Sickle-cell disease
39
occurs in somatic (body) cells. It is passed on by mitosis but not to sexually-produced offspring.
somatic mutation
40
lagging strand
new strand of DNA. moves away from the fork. synthesis of this occurs in small, discontinuous stretches (called Okazaki fragments) until it runs into the previous fragment. needs primer for each fragment. has gaps that are "sewed up" by DNA ligase
41
pre-replication complex
DNA replication starts by binding this large protein complex to a specific site (ori) on DNA molecule. this complex includes DNA polymerase
42
kind of chromosomal mutation. result from a segment of the chromosome breaking off, “flipping,” and rejoining.
inversions
43
site where part of DNA unwinds to expose the bases. replication proceeds in 2 directions
replication fork
44
leading strand
new strand of DNA made in the direction of the unzipping (towards the fork)
44
mismatch repair
DNA repair mechanism. after DNA polymerase, proteins scan for mismatched bases and replace them with the correct ones
45
radiation
a form of induced mutation. ionization radiation (X-rays) creates free radicals. UV radiation form covalent bonds with adjacent nucleotides disrupting DNA replication
46
type of mutation. rarer but more extensive; it may change the position of the “arm” of a chromosome or it may cause a DNA segment to be duplicated or lost. e.g. translocation
chromosomal mutation
48
present in cell nucleus and in chromosomes, double in the cell cycle, twice as abundant in diploid, and the same pattern of transmission as the genetic information
DNA must be ___ to be genetic material
49
cause phenotypes to change under restrictive conditions (like temperature) but are not detectable under permissive conditions. e.g. rabbit with different colored feet and ears.
conditional mutations
50
proofreading
DNA repair mechanism. as DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, if they are paired incorrectly they are removed and correct nucleotide is added
51
effect of mutation, doesn't affect protein
silent mutation
52
kind of chromosomal mutations. result in the removal of part of the genetic material and can have severe or fatal consequences
deletions
53
building blocks of DNA. composed of 3 phosphate groups, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. 2 phosphates from this are released to provide energy. 3rd phosphate bonds to the 3' end of the DNA chain via a phosphodeister bond
dNTP (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates)
54
created by ionization radiation. they are highly reactive and can change/break DNA backbone
radicals
55
DNA functions
store genetic info, replicate precisely, being susceptible to mutations, express the coded information at the phenotype
55
region of the gene. they get cut out and removed
introns (non-coding regions)
56
costs of mutations
can be harmful or lethal and passed down to future generations
58
replication fork
site where part of DNA unwinds to expose the bases. replication proceeds in 2 directions
59
effect of mutation. lead to change of function. can lead to adaptive changes. sometimes an imporvement.
gain of function mutations
60
DNA repair mechanism. after DNA polymerase, proteins scan for mismatched bases and replace them with the correct ones
mismatch repair
62
cause of mutation. due to an outside agent, like a mutagen. chemicals can cause deamination. also caused by radiation
induced mutation
64
changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that are passed on from one cell to another. they are heritable. errors not corrected by repair systems. leads to a permanent change in DNA sequence
mutations
65
can be harmful or lethal and passed down to future generations
costs of mutations
65
when recombinant DNA is incorporated into a host cell's genes. used as a marker in research. to see if a gene got into the organism
transgenic organism
66
DNA ligase
enzyme that "sews" up the gaps in the lagging strand
68
type of base with double rings. A, G
purine
69
deamination
losing amino group, which change bases. can cause spontaneous mutation or induced mutation
70
substances that cause mutations, such as radiation or certain chemicals
mutagens
71
losing amino group, which change bases. can cause spontaneous mutation or induced mutation
deamination
72
DNA
polymer of nucleotides. stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel) and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. one nucleotide is pentose sugar(deoxyribose), nitogenous base (A, T, G, C) and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable
73
type of base with single rings. C, T, U
pyrimidines
75
type of mutation. results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide. caused by errors in replication or environmental mutagens
point mutation
77
dNTP (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates)
building blocks of DNA. composed of 3 phosphate groups, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. 2 phosphates from this are released to provide energy. 3rd phosphate bonds to the 3' end of the DNA chain via a phosphodeister bond
78
eukaryotic chromosomes and linear and very long so they have this to speed up replication
multiple origins (ori sites) of replication
79
telomeres
counteracts chromosome shortening and prevents chromosome ends from joining each other. a repetitive sequence at the ends of chromosomes. non important DNA. they will be cut off instead of chromsomes. made by telomerase
80
introns (non-coding regions)
region of the gene. they get cut out and removed
81
purine
type of base with double rings. A, G
82
major groove
wider gap between the pentose sugars(deoxyribose) in DNA. where we get interactions between DNA and protein. protein can look at and access DNA sequencing
84
kind of chromosomal mutation. occurs when a segment of DNA breaks off and is inserted into a nonhomologous chromosome, which may lead to duplications and deletions.
translocations
85
a form of induced mutation. ionization radiation (X-rays) creates free radicals. UV radiation form covalent bonds with adjacent nucleotides disrupting DNA replication
radiation
86
smaller gap between the pentose sugars(deoxyribose) in DNA
minor groove
87
effect of mutation. lead to proteins that don't work. e.g. Sickle-cell disease
loss of function mutations
88
tautomers
form of a base. each base has two of these. if it is temporarily the rare form it can pair with the wrong base and lead to spontaneous mutations
89
store genetic info, replicate precisely, being susceptible to mutations, express the coded information at the phenotype
DNA functions
90
provides raw material for evolution, in somatic cells they may benefit the organism immediately, they may cause an advantageous change in offspring
benefits of mutations
91
RNA primer
a starter strand to begin DNA replication. complementary to DNA template. short sequence and temporary. provides 3' end to add nucleotides to
92
pyrimidines
type of base with single rings. C, T, U
93
spontaneous mutation
cause of mutation. occurs with no outside influence. caused when a base is temporarily the rare tautomer it can pair with the wrong base. also caused by deamination. also caused by imperfect meiosis which results in nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes
94
duplication
kind of chromosomal mutation. occur when homologous chromosomes break in different places and recombine with wrong partners; one may have two copies of segment and the other may have none of that segment.
95
virus with DNA and a little protein that inject its DNA into bacteria. this hijacks the bacteria cell and turns it into a virus making factory before "exploding"
bacteriophages
96
kind of chromosomal mutation. occur when homologous chromosomes break in different places and recombine with wrong partners; one may have two copies of segment and the other may have none of that segment.
duplication
97
point mutation
type of mutation. results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide. caused by errors in replication or environmental mutagens
98
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
amplifying a fragment of DNA in a test tube for chemical analysis and genetic manipulations. this amplifies exponentially and makes millions of identical copies of thise DNA fragment. it uses DNA template, high temperature, 2 short primers, the four dNTP's and salts/buffer to maintain pH

Biology (13 decks)

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