telomerase
enzyme with RNA sequence that acts as a template for telomeric DNA sequences
germ line mutation
occurs in germ line cells that make gametes. A gamete passes this mutation on at fertilization. gets passed on to offspring
exons (coding regions)
region of the gene that contain sequences within the transcribed region that are translated to protein. they get spliced together and make protein
amplifying a fragment of DNA in a test tube for chemical analysis and genetic manipulations. this amplifies exponentially and makes millions of identical copies of thise DNA fragment. it uses DNA template, high temperature, 2 short primers, the four dNTP's and salts/buffer to maintain pH
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
enzyme that "sews" up the gaps in the lagging strand
DNA ligase
deletions
kind of chromosomal mutations. result in the removal of part of the genetic material and can have severe or fatal
consequences
induced mutation
cause of mutation. due to an outside agent, like a mutagen. chemicals can cause deamination. also caused by radiation
polymer of nucleotides. stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel) and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. one nucleotide is pentose sugar(deoxyribose), nitogenous base (A, T, G, C) and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable
DNA
somatic mutation
occurs in somatic (body) cells.
It is passed on by mitosis but not to sexually-produced offspring.
inversions
kind of chromosomal mutation. result from a segment of the chromosome breaking off, “flipping,” and
rejoining.
DNA polymerase
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the complementary strand of DNA. it is very fast. new nucleotides form base pairs with template strands that are linked together by phosphodeister bonds. new DNA strand is made 5' to 3'. it adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer. it also replaces RNA primer with DNA
conditional mutations
cause phenotypes to change under restrictive conditions (like temperature) but are not detectable under permissive conditions. e.g. rabbit with different colored feet and ears.
DNA replication starts by binding this large protein complex to a specific site (ori) on DNA molecule. this complex includes DNA polymerase
pre-replication complex
region of the gene that contain sequences within the transcribed region that are translated to protein. they get spliced together and make protein
exons (coding regions)
bacteriophages
virus with DNA and a little protein that inject its DNA into bacteria. this hijacks the bacteria cell and turns it into a virus making factory before "exploding"
radicals
created by ionization radiation. they are highly reactive and can change/break DNA backbone
nucleotide
basic unit in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base
cause of mutation. occurs with no outside influence. caused when a base is temporarily the rare tautomer it can pair with the wrong base. also caused by deamination. also caused by imperfect meiosis which results in nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes
spontaneous mutation
benefits of mutations
provides raw material for evolution, in somatic cells they may benefit the organism immediately, they may cause an advantageous change in offspring
multiple origins (ori sites) of replication
eukaryotic chromosomes and linear and very long so they have this to speed up replication
a starter strand to begin DNA replication. complementary to DNA template. short sequence and temporary. provides 3' end to add nucleotides to
RNA primer
counteracts chromosome shortening and prevents chromosome ends from joining each other. a repetitive sequence at the ends of chromosomes. non important DNA. they will be cut off instead of chromsomes. made by telomerase
telomeres
transgenic organism
when recombinant DNA is incorporated into a host cell's genes. used as a marker in research. to see if a gene got into the organism
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the complementary strand of DNA. it is very fast. new nucleotides form base pairs with template strands that are linked together by phosphodeister bonds. new DNA strand is made 5' to 3'. it adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer. it also replaces RNA primer with DNA
DNA polymerase
enzyme with RNA sequence that acts as a template for telomeric DNA sequences
telomerase
DNA repair mechanism. as DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, if they are paired incorrectly they are removed and correct nucleotide is added
proofreading
translocations
kind of chromosomal mutation. occurs when a segment of DNA breaks off and is inserted into a nonhomologous chromosome, which may lead to duplications and deletions.
mutagens
substances that cause mutations, such as radiation or certain chemicals
form of a base. each base has two of these. if it is temporarily the rare form it can pair with the wrong base and lead to spontaneous mutations
tautomers
basic unit in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). composed of pentose sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base
nucleotide
