Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(114 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi and lysosomes. has vesicles that shuttle substances (likeproteins) between all of these organelles

A

endomembrane system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secondary lysosome

A

when phagosome fuses with primary lysosome. hydrolysis occurs here which provides monomers for other cellular processes (recycled) and the undigested particles are released outside of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chloroplast

A

mature plastid that is the site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll (green pigment). has two membranes. inner membrane is thylakoid. includes granum and stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stroma

A

fluids surrounding thylakoids, carbon is synthesized into carbs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

microfilaments

A

part of cytoskeleton. made of protein actin, help cell or part of cell move. determine cell shape. can get longer (polymers) and shorter (monomers) depending on what is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

microtubules

A

part of cytoskeleton with largest diameter. form a rigid skeleton and are the track the guides things around in the cell. they are hollow. made up dimers of the protein tubulin. they have some dynamic instability. important in cilia and flagella. in a 9 + 2 arrangement in cilia and flagella. 9 doublets surrounding 2 singlets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

specialized cells that bring materials into the cell to break them down. a vesicle conaining macromolecules from outside the cell and it fuses with the primary lysosome to form a secondary lysosome

A

phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stacks in chloroplast, part of photosynthesis takes place here to make ATP

A

thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

no ribosomes on the membrane so it is smooth. drugs and pesticides can be chemically modified here. glycogen is broken down and calcium is stored here and it is where lipids and steroids are synthesized

A

smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

folds on mitochondira inner membrane that increases surface area to increase capacity to make energy

A

cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nuclear envelope

A

surrounds nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phagocytosis

A

process where macromolecules enter the cell from outside in vesicles called phagosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports and maintains cell shape. holds organelles in position. gives a “track” to move organelles/particles around the cell. interacts with extracellular membrane to hold cell in place. connects things inside and outside of cell. 3 parts: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

part of cytoskeleton with largest diameter. form a rigid skeleton and are the track the guides things around in the cell. they are hollow. made up dimers of the protein tubulin. they have some dynamic instability. important in cilia and flagella. in a 9 + 2 arrangement in cilia and flagella. 9 doublets surrounding 2 singlets.

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

surface area-to-volume ratio

A

this must be large for cells because volume increases faster than surface area. if volume is larger the cell will need more resources and will have more waste and organelles are farther apart. and the surface area determines what enters and exits a cell. this explains why organisms are made of many small cells instead of a few large ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the is site of protein synthesis (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes because they are not membrane bound). has one large and one small subunits that have rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein in it. this translates mRNA into an amino acid sequenceto form proteins. they are free in cytoplasm, attached to ER or inside mitochondria/chloroplast

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

trans

A

region of Golgi. vesicles with protein bud off Golgi and travel to the plasma membrane or lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary lysosome

A

originates in Golgi and is a vesicle that buds off the Golgi. it contains digestive enzymes. where macromolecules are hydrolyzed into monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

extracellular structure surrounding many animal cells. it holds tissues together, contributeto physical properties (of cartilage, skin, tissues), help filter materials between tissues and help orien cell movements.

A

extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA wrapped around protein and compact. these can be moved around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

originates in Golgi and is a vesicle that buds off the Golgi. it contains digestive enzymes. where macromolecules are hydrolyzed into monomers

A

primary lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DNA and protein

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
allows actin to quickly assemble or breakdown (depending on what is needed)
dynamic instability
19
cell junctions
keeps cells together. 3 tyes: tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
20
has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.
rough ER
20
motor protein that interacts with actin that work in muscle contraction
myosin
21
region of Golgi. vesicles with protein bud off Golgi and travel to the plasma membrane or lysosomes
trans
23
rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it. all secreted proteins pass through this. new proteins enter the interior (called lumen) to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery. proteins are transported to other locations in the cell.
23
the liquid part of the cell, any water and solids dissolved in it (like ions and salts)
cytosol
24
phagosome
specialized cells that bring materials into the cell to break them down. a vesicle conaining macromolecules from outside the cell and it fuses with the primary lysosome to form a secondary lysosome
24
thylakoids
stacks in chloroplasr, part of photosynthesis takes place here to make ATP
24
many short appendages all around the cell to move cells. stiff, powerful strokes
cilia
25
chromatin
DNA and protein
25
cilia
many short appendages all around the cell to move cells. stiff, powerful strokes
25
when phagosome fuses with primary lysosome. hydrolysis occurs here which provides monomers for other cellular processes (recycled) and the undigested particles are released outside of the cell.
secondary lysosome
27
surrounds nucleus
nuclear envelope
28
lumen
interior of rough ER. new proteins go here to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery
28
glyoxysomes
only in plants. where stored lipids are converted into carbs for growth
28
type of cell junction. holds adjacent cells together but materials can still move in extracellular matrix. helps stability in tissues with physical stress
desmosomes
29
part of cytoskeleton. made of protein actin, help cell or part of cell move. determine cell shape. can get longer (polymers) and shorter (monomers) depending on what is needed
microfilaments
30
DNA wrapped around protein and compact. these can be moved around
chromosomes
31
usually in plant cells. takes up majority of space in cell and fills up with water. stores wastes and toxic material which can deter animals from eating the plants (contributing to its defense/survival). pressure of water inside it helps support cell's structure. contributes to reproduction (petal pigments are contained here which attracts animals for pollination). contributes in catabolism (hydrolyzing seed proteins into monomers)
vacuoles
33
mature plastid that is the site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll (green pigment). has two membranes. inner membrane is thylakoid. includes granum and stroma
chloroplast
34
cell wall
the extracellular structure in plants. made of cellulose. supports cell (limits volume by staying rigid), barrier to infection and continues forming in growth and development
35
nuclear pores
in nuclear envelope, controls movement between nucleus and cytoplasm. allows RNA to leave nucleus to enter cytoplasms to get to the ribosomes
37
composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial
golgi apparatus
37
holes in cell wall for cells to communicate
plasmodesmata
39
cell membrane
all cells are surrounded by this. it's a phospholipid bilayer with proteins. it is a selectively permeable barrier (permits some substances to enter/leave cell while preventing others), communicates and binds with adjacent cells. hydrophobic interior formed by tails of phospholipids
39
in plant and animal cells. harvests chemical energy of energy rich molecules (like glucose) in a form the cell can use (ATP). it has ribosomes, DNA and can divide independently. has 2 membranes (outer and inner). outer membrane is porous. inner membrane has folds (cristae) which increases surface area and increases capacity to make energy
mitochondria
40
breaks cells apart to analyze their components. organelles can be separated by their properties. if conditions are right then their properties can actthe same as they do inside the cell
cell-free extract
41
supports and maintains cell shape. holds organelles in position. gives a "track" to move organelles/particles around the cell. interacts with extracellular membrane to hold cell in place. connects things inside and outside of cell. 3 parts: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
cytoskeleton
43
mitochondria
in plant and animal cells. harvests chemical energy of energy rich molecules (like glucose) in a form the cell can use (ATP). it has ribosomes, DNA and can divide independently. has 2 membranes (outer and inner). outer membrane is porous. inner membrane has folds (cristae) which increases surface area and increases capacity to make energy
43
programmed destruction of cells
autophagy
44
only in plants. where stored lipids are converted into carbs for growth
glyoxysomes
46
interior of rough ER. new proteins go here to be chemically modified and tagged for delivery
lumen
47
cell theory
unifying principle of biology: cells are fundamental units of life, all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells
48
cytosol
the liquid part of the cell, any water and solids dissolved in it (like ions and salts)
49
uses glass lenses and light. to form images. can see 1000 times smaller than the human eye.
light microscope
50
tight junction
type of cell junction. prevents leaking between cells
52
gap junctions
type of cell junction. channels that allow substances to pass between cells.
53
region of Golgi. the middle region
medial
55
plus-end motor protein. in microtubules that cause cilia and flagella to move. binds to vesicles in cell and "walk" along microtubule
kinesin
56
cytopasm
the stuff in between the nucleus/nucloid and cell membrane. "the rest of the cell." includes cytosol and organelles
57
part of cytoskeleton. very stable, tough, don't fall apart. anchor cell structure in place.
intermediate filaments
59
fluids surrounding thylakoids, carbon is synthesized into carbs here
stroma
60
desmosomes
type of cell junction. holds adjacent cells together but materials can still move in extracellular matrix. helps stability in tissues with physical stress
61
stacks of thylakoid
granum
62
the stuff in between the nucleus/nucloid and cell membrane. "the rest of the cell." includes cytosol and organelles
cytopasm
63
cristae
folds on mitochondira inner membrane that increases surface area to increase capacity to make energy
64
matrix
inside the innermembrane of mitochondria. it is fluid-filled and contains DNA, enzymes and ribosomes
65
keeps cells together. 3 tyes: tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
cell junctions
66
ribosomes
the is site of protein synthesis (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes because they are not membrane bound). has one large and one small subunits that have rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein in it. this translates mRNA into an amino acid sequenceto form proteins. they are free in cytoplasm, attached to ER or inside mitochondria/chloroplast
67
cell-free extract
breaks cells apart to analyze their components. organelles can be separated by their properties. if conditions are right then their properties can act the same as they do inside the cell
68
myosin
motor protein that interacts with actin that work in muscle contraction
70
autophagy
programmed destruction of cells
71
dynamic instability
allows actin to quickly assemble or breakdown (depending on what is needed)
72
extracellular matrix
extracellular structure surrounding many animal cells. it holds tissues together, contributeto physical properties (of cartilage, skin, tissues), help filter materials between tissues and help orien cell movements.
73
golgi apparatus
composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial
74
the extracellular structure in plants. made of cellulose. supports cell (limits volume by staying rigid), barrier to infection and continues forming in growth and development
cell wall
75
minus-end directed motor protein. in microtubules that cause motion in cilia and flagella. changes shape to move
dynein
77
all cells are surrounded by this. it's a phospholipid bilayer with proteins. it is a selectively permeable barrier (permits some substances to enter/leave cell while preventing others), communicates and binds with adjacent cells. hydrophobic interior formed by tails of phospholipids
cell membrane
78
medial
region of Golgi. the middle region
80
intermediate filaments
part of cytoskeleton. very stable, tough, don't fall apart. anchor cell structure in place.
81
a bunch of membranes that give it a large surface area. two types of it, rough (with ribosomes) and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
82
this must be large for cells because volume increases faster than surface area. if volume is larger the cell will need more resources and will have more waste and organelles are farther apart. and the surface area determines what enters and exits a cell. this explains why organisms are made of many small cells instead of a few large ones.
surface area-to-volume ratio
83
electron microscope
uses electromagnets to form images. can see 2 million times smaller than the human eye. huge, expensive and requires training. stains objects with toxic metals (like gold) so living cells cannot be seen this way
84
dynein
minus-end directed motor protein. in microtubules that cause motion in cilia and flagella. changes shape to move
85
generic term for different organelles in plant and algae cells. e.g. chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast
plastid
86
uses electromagnets to form images. can see 2 million times smaller than the human eye. huge, expensive and requires training. stains objects with toxic metals (like gold) so living cells cannot be seen this way
electron microscope
87
process where macromolecules enter the cell from outside in vesicles called phagosomes
phagocytosis
88
kinesin
plus-end motor protein. in microtubules that cause cilia and flagella to move. binds to vesicles in cell and "walk" along microtubule
90
plastid
generic term for different organelles in plant and algae cells. e.g. chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast
92
nucleolus
region where ribosomes begin to assemble before they are exported. this is inside the nucleus
93
in nuclear envelope, controls movement between nucleus and cytoplasm. allows RNA to leave nucleus to enter cytoplasms to get to the ribosomes
nuclear pores
95
appendages that are long and localized to move cells. like a corkscrew
flagella
96
organelles that accumulate toxic peroxides and safely break them down without mixing them with other components of the cell. in all eukaryotic cells
peroxisomes
98
the region in the cell where DNA is located in prokaryotes
nucleoid
99
nucleoid
the region in the cell where DNA is located in prokaryotes
100
peroxisomes
organelles that accumulate toxic peroxides and safely break them down without mixing them with other components of the cell. in all eukaryotic cells
102
type of cell junction. channels that allow substances to pass between cells.
gap junctions
103
cis
region of Golgi. receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER
104
inside the innermembrane of mitochondria. it is fluid-filled and contains DNA, enzymes and ribosomes
matrix
105
flagella
appendages that are long and localized to move cells. like a corkscrew
106
type of cell junction. prevents leaking between cells
tight junction
107
light microscope
uses glass lenses and light. to form images. can see 1000 times smaller than the human eye.
108
endomembrane system
includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi and lysosomes. has vesicles that shuttle substances (likeproteins) between all of these organelles
109
region where ribosomes begin to assemble before they are exported. this is inside the nucleus
nucleolus
110
unifying principle of biology: cells are fundamental units of life, all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells
cell theory
111
granum
stacks of thylakoid
112
region of Golgi. receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER
cis
113
vacuoles
usually in plant cells. takes up majority of space in cell and fills up with water. stores wastes and toxic material which can deter animals from eating the plants (contributing to its defense/survival). pressure of water inside it helps support cell's structure. contributes to reproduction (petal pigments are contained here which attracts animals for pollination). contributes in catabolism (hydrolyzing seed proteins into monomers)
114
plasmodesmata
holes in cell wall for cells to communicate

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions