Chapter 3

Question 1

polymers of nucleotides that store, transmt and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA

Answer 1

nucleic acids

Question 1

free energy

Answer 1

the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

Question 1

DNA sequence that makes specific proteins

Answer 1

gene

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

maintaining internal condition (such as pH, body temp)

Question 2

transcription

Answer 2

after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA

Question 2

biological catalysts. all are proteins. always end in “-ase”. work by inducing strain or changing orientation of substrate or adding a chemical group

Answer 2

enzyme

Question 2

gene expression

Answer 2

base sequences are copied from DNA to RNA to specify amino acid sequences in protein

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specifcy amino acid sequences of protein

Question 4

proteins

Answer 4

these are macromolecules. polymers made out of amino acids. They govern chemical reactions in cells and form organism’s structure. Functions include enzymes, receptor, transport and genetic regulation

Question 4

active site

Answer 4

location on the enzyme where the substrates bind to. it has specifc shape and chemical properties so not any molecule can bind there

Question 5

after DNA replication, DNA sequences (of bases) being copied into RNA

Answer 5

transcription

Question 7

polypeptides

Answer 7

longer polymers of peptides with a unique sequence of amino acids. another word for protein

Question 7

quaternary structure

Answer 7

results from subunites (2+ polypeptide chains binding together). not in al proteins

Question 7

longer polymers of peptides with a unique sequence of amino acids. another word for protein

Answer 7

polypeptides

Question 8

covalent bond that connects phosphate to 3’ carbon (pentose sugar) to link nucleotides. formed from condensation reactions

Answer 8

phosphodiester bond

Question 8

a molecule that binds noncovalently to the enzyme’s active site and blocks the natural substrate. it is reversible

Answer 8

competitive inhibitor

Question 9

the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

Answer 9

free energy

Question 10

enzyme

Answer 10

biological catalysts. all are proteins. always end in “-ase”. work by inducing strain or changing orientation of substrate or adding a chemical group

Question 11

noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 11

molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site. it causes a change in the shape of the enzyme which alters its activity. the substrate may no longer bind to the active site. if it does, it is reduced. this is reversible. this is a type of allosteric regulation

Question 12

ions or molecules that some enzymes require in order to function. e.g. metal ions, coenzymes or prosthetic groups

Answer 12

cofactors

Question 12

molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site. it causes a change in the shape of the enzyme which alters its activity. the substrate may no longer bind to the active site. if it does, it is reduced. this is reversible. this is a type of allosteric regulation

Answer 12

noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 13

beta pleated sheets

Answer 13

interactions between a bunch of R groups. 2+ polypeptide bonds extended. flat portion of potein

Question 15

alpha helix

Answer 15

in secondary structure of potein. right handed coil/ helix

Question 16

DNA

Answer 16

polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable

Question 17

primary structure of a protein

Answer 17

sequence of amino acids

Question 18

nucleotide sequence (of bases) in RNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

Answer 18

translation

Question 19

isozymes

Answer 19

enzymes which catalyze the same reaction with different chemical composition and physical properties. can catalyze at different pH/temp. this allows organisms to adapt to changes in the environment

Question 20

enzymes which catalyze the same reaction with different chemical composition and physical properties. can catalyze at different pH/temp. this allows organisms to adapt to changes in the environment

Answer 20

isozymes

Question 21

feedback inhibition

Answer 21

when an end product has high concentration, it binds to the commitment step (first) enzyme to make it inactive. binds to either the active site or allosteric site (not active site).

Question 22

when a non-substrate molecule binds/modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme. this causes the enzyme to change its shape and changes the rate of reaction or prevents substrate from entering active site. it can also activate an inactive enzyme. types include noncompetitive inhibitor and protein kinases

Answer 22

allosteric regulation

Question 23

peptide bonds

Answer 23

covalent bond links together amino acids to form protein. condensation reactions links amino group of the new amino acid chain with the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the chain

Question 24

denatured

Answer 24

caused by change in temp, pH, polar/nonpolar substance, the heat energy will disrupt the weaker interactions causing the secondary and tertiary structure to break down

Question 25

induced fit

Answer 25

enzyme changes active site to fit substrate

Question 27

nucleic acids

Answer 27

polymers of nucleotides that store, transmt and express hereditary/genetic info. two types: DNA and RNA

Question 27

polymer of nucleotide subunits (A, T, G, C). stores and transmits genetic info. double stranded. strands run in opposite directions and form a ladder that twists into a double helix. lacks OH group so it is more table. made of pentose sugar, base and phosphate. phosphate and sugar are stable

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

location on the enzyme where the substrates bind to. it has specifc shape and chemical properties so not any molecule can bind there

Answer 28

active site

Question 29

catalyst

Answer 29

speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy required (by enabling reactants to come togher and react more easily) without being permanently altered. e. g. enzyme

Question 31

secondary structure

Answer 31

regular, repeated patterns in the polypeptide chain. two types (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet) determined by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 32

base sequences are copied from DNA to RNA to specify amino acid sequences in protein

Answer 32

gene expression

Question 33

results from subunites (2+ polypeptide chains binding together). not in all proteins

Answer 33

quaternary structure

Question 34

gene

Answer 34

DNA sequence that makes specific proteins

Question 36

translation

Answer 36

nucleotide sequence (of bases) in RNA specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

Question 38

purine

Answer 38

type of base with double rings. A, G

Question 40

speeds up a reaction by lowering activation energy required (by enabling reactants to come togher and react more easily) without being permanently altered. e. g. enzyme

Answer 40

catalyst

Question 42

sequence of amino acids

Answer 42

primary structure of a protein

Question 43

type of base with double rings. A, G

Answer 43

purine

Question 44

maintaining internal condition (such as pH, body temp)

Answer 44

homeostasis

Question 45

pyrimidines

Answer 45

type of base with single rings. C, T, U

Question 47

cofactors

Answer 47

ions or molecules that some enzymes require in order to function. e.g. metal ions, coenzymes or prosthetic groups

Question 48

enzyme changes active site to fit substrate

Answer 48

induced fit

Question 50

competitive inhibitor

Answer 50

a molecule that binds noncovalently to the enzyme's active site and blocks the natural substrate. it is reversible

Question 52

phosphodiester bond

Answer 52

covalent bond that connects phosphate to 3' carbon (pentose sugar) to link nucleotides. formed from condensation reactions

Question 53

reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. they bind to the active site on the enzyme

Answer 53

substrates

Question 54

substrates

Answer 54

reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. they bind to the active site on the enzyme

Question 55

in secondary structure of potein. right handed coil/ helix

Answer 55

alpha helix

Question 56

temporary molecule that can be modified, has OH instead of H so it can be more reactive. single stranded. can fold according to base pairs. info from DNA is transmitted through these to specifcy amino acid sequences of protein

Answer 56

RNA

Question 57

type of base with single rings. C, T, U

Answer 57

pyrimidines

Question 58

caused by change in temp, pH, polar/nonpolar substance, the heat energy will disrupt the weaker interactions causing the secondary and tertiary structure to break down

Answer 58

denatured

Question 58

allosteric regulation

Answer 58

when a non-substrate molecule binds/modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme. this causes the enzyme to change its shape and changes the rate of reaction or prevents substrate from entering active site. it can also activate an inactive enzyme. types include noncompetitive inhibitor and protein kinases

Question 60

tertiary structure of protein

Answer 60

polypeptide chain is bent and folded to form 3D shape. the outersurfaces have functional groups capable of interacting with other molecules in the cell. determined by interaction between R groups

Question 61

regular, repeated patterns in the polypeptide chain. two types (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet) determined by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. held together by hydrogen bonds

Answer 61

secondary structure

Question 62

covalent bond links together amino acids to form protein. condensation reactions links amino group of the new amino acid chain with the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the chain

Answer 62

peptide bonds

Question 63

interactions between a bunch of R groups. 2+ polypeptide bonds extended. flat portion of potein

Answer 63

beta pleated sheets

Question 64

these are macromolecules. polymers made out of amino acids. They govern chemical reactions in cells and form organism’s structure. Functions include enzymes, receptor, transport and genetic regulation

Answer 64

proteins

Question 65

polypeptide chain is bent and folded to form 3D shape. the outer surfaces have functional groups capable of interacting with other molecules in the cell. determined by interaction between R groups

Answer 65

tertiary structure of protein

Question 66

when an end product has high concentration, it binds to the commitment step (first) enzyme to make it inactive. binds to either the active site or allosteric site (not active site).

Answer 66

feedback inhibition