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Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

inducible operon

A

cluster of genes that is turned off unless needed. turned on by an inducer

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1
Q

repressible operon

A

cluster of genes that is on unless not needed. turned off by co-repressor activating an inactive repressor

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2
Q

short stretch of DNA between the promoter and genes that controls transcription of genes. in operons. activators and repressors bind here to increase or decrease gene expression & transcription

A

operator

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3
Q

the study of nucleic acids and proteins, often focuses on gene expression

A

molecular biology

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3
Q

genes that are actively expressed all of the time, needed for cell function

A

constitutive genes

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3
Q

a cluster of genes with one promoter. these genes follow this. all genes in this cluster get transcribed together (all or nothing)

A

operon

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3
Q

enhancers

A

in eukaryotes, sequences that bind to activator proteins and loops back to promoter to make initiation complex so genes can be transcribed. it is located upstream (before) the promoter

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3
Q

late stage of lytic cycle

A

encodes viral capsid (coat on outside of enzyme) proteins and enzymes to lyse the host cell (make it explode) and release viral particles

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3
Q

use gene regulation and transcription to take over host cell. “a piece of bad news wrapped in protein”

A

viruses

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3
Q

alternative splicing

A

this creates different mRNAs from the same gene. splices different exons together and results in new proteins. 1 gene can make multiple proteins. don’t need 1 gene for every single protein

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4
Q

proteins that interfere with RNA polymerase. mechanism to try to stop an infection from a virus

A

transcription terminator

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5
Q

translational repressor

A

binds to mRNA to prevent mRNA from attaching to ribosome.

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6
Q

common promoter sequence, a recognition sequence. how polymerase recognizes it is in the spot to start transcription

A

TATA box

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7
Q

regulatory proteins

A

proteins that control whether a gene is active. activator or repressor binds to a operator in prokaryotes. in eukaryotes, they bind to an enhancer or silencer

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8
Q

viral reproductive cycle. 2 stages: early and late

A

lytic cycle

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9
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of nucleic acids and proteins, often focuses on gene expression

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9
Q

lytic cycle

A

viral reproductive cycle. 2 stages: early and late

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10
Q

binds to mRNA to prevent mRNA from attaching to ribosome.

A

translational repressor

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11
Q

diffuse and light staining chromatin containing DNA for mRNA transcription

A

euchromatin

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13
Q

in some cells, one X chromosome (from mom) is inactivated and in other cells the other X chromosome (from dad) is inactivated. in females, patchy

A

mosaic

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14
Q

epigenetics

A

changes to DNA and chromatin that regulate (inactivate) large regions of genes (even a whole chromosome). regulating gene transcription on a large scale. reversibly altering large portions of DNA and chromatin. reversible and can be passed on to daughter cells. affected by environmental factors. e.g. DNA methylation

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15
Q

co-repressor

A

binds to an inactive repressor and activates it so repressor binds to operator which blocks transcription. tryptophan does this. turns off repressible operon

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15
Q

in females, one X is inactivated (this is a kind of heterochromatin). this is a mosaic

A

Barr Body

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15
Q

at 5’ end of mRNA to prevent its breakdown. this can be modified (marked to be translated). if it is not modified, mRNA is not translated

A

5’ cap

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16
TATA box
common promoter sequence, a recognition sequence. how polymerase recognizes it is in the spot to start transcription
16
DNA wrapped around histone
nucleosome
17
operon
a cluster of genes with one promoter. these genes follow this. all genes in this cluster get transcribed together (all or nothing)
19
binds to an inactive repressor and activates it so repressor binds to operator which blocks transcription. tryptophan does this. turns off repressible operon
co-repressor
20
DNA methylation
when C's in promoter are methylated, a methyl group is covalently added to it. methyl groups block RNA polymerase so that gene can't turn on. these methylated genes are inactivated and turns off. type of epigenetic change. these can be inherited and reversed (so they can be adtivated again)
22
sigma factors
proteins that bind to RNA polymerase and direct RNA polymerase to specific promoters. allows us to turn on related genes all around the cell together at the same time. only in prokaryotes
23
viruses
use gene regulation and transcription to take over host cell. "a piece of bad news wrapped in protein"
24
to counteract environmental changes or to alter cell function
reasons gene expression is modified
26
regions that are rich in C's and G's and are often in promoters
CpG islands
27
proteins that bind to RNA polymerase and direct RNA polymerase to specific promoters. allows us to turn on related genes all around the cell together at the same time. only in prokaryotes
sigma factors
28
operator
short stretch of DNA between the promoter and genes that controls transcription of genes. in operons. activators and repressors bind here to increase or decrease gene expression & transcription
28
transcription terminator
proteins that interfere with RNA polymerase. mechanism to try to stop an infection from a virus
29
HIV counterattack for transcription terminator, allows RNA polymerase to transcribe viral genome
Tat (transactivator of transcription)
30
changes to DNA and chromatin that regulate (inactivate) large regions of genes (even a whole chromosome). regulating gene transcription on a large scale. reversibly altering large portions of DNA and chromatin. reversible and can be passed on to daughter cells. affected by environmental factors. e.g. DNA methylation
epigenetics
31
early stage of lytic cycle
viral genome is injected into host cell. host RNA polymerase transcribe viral genes. transcription of host genes is shut down and stimulates viral replication and transcription
31
nucleosome
DNA wrapped around histone
33
cluster of genes that is turned off unless needed. turned on by an inducer
inducible operon
34
sequence of base pairs in DNA that gets recognized by same set of transcription factors. all genes with this get turned on/off at the same time - coordinated gene expression. we have different types of these for different situations
regulatory sequence / response element
35
5' cap
at 5' end of mRNA to prevent its breakdown. this can be modified (marked to be translated). if it is not modified, mRNA is not translated
36
miRNA (microRNA)
targets one type of mRNA to inhibit translation and degradation
38
a compound that induces protein synthesis. tuns on inducible operon, e.g. lactose
inducer
40
inducible systems
used for controlling catabolic pathways (to break something down). a metabolic substrate (like inducer) interacts with regulatory protein (repressor), the repressor cannot bind and transcription proceeds. e.g. in lac operon, transcription makes proteins to break down lactose
42
virus made of RNA. HIV is this
retrovirus
44
encodes viral capsid (coat on outside of enzyme) proteins and enzymes to lyse the host cell (make it explode) and release viral particles
late stage of lytic cycle
45
Barr Body
in females, one X is inactivated (this is a kind of heterochromatin). this is a mosaic
47
enzyme that goes from RNA to DNA (RNA-directed DNA synthesis)
reverse transcriptase
48
condensed, dark-staining DNA. genes are not transcribed
heterochromatin
49
this creates different mRNAs from the same gene. splices different exons together and results in new proteins. 1 gene can make multiple proteins. don't need 1 gene for every single protein
alternative splicing
50
viral genome is injected into host cell. host RNA polymerase transcribe viral genes. transcription of host genes is shut down and stimulates viral replication and transcription
early stage of lytic cycle
51
CpG islands
regions that are rich in C's and G's and are often in promoters
52
protein that binds to enhancers in eukaryotes and increases transcription. bind to operons in prokaryotes. positive regulation
activator protein
54
inducer
a compound that induces protein synthesis. tuns on inducible operon. e.g. lactose
55
euchromatin
diffuse and light staining chromatin containing DNA for mRNA transcription
56
protein that binds to silencers in eukaryotes and decreases transcription. binds to operons in prokaryotes. negative regulation
repressor protein
57
repressible systems
used for controlling anabolic pathways (to make something). a metabolic product (like co-repressor) binds to regulatory protein, which then binds to operator and block transcription e.g. in trp operon blocking trancription stops more tryptophan form being made when it is unneeded
58
cluster of genes that is on unless not needed. turned off by co-repressor activating an inactive repressor
repressible operon
58
reverse transcriptase
enzyme that goes from RNA to DNA (RNA-directed DNA synthesis)
60
used for controlling catabolic pathways (to break something down). a metabolic substrate (like inducer) interacts with regulatory protein (repressor), the repressor cannot bind and transcription proceeds. e.g. in lac operon, transcription makes proteins to break down lactose
inducible systems
60
mosaic
in some cells, one X chromosome (from mom) is inactivated and in other cells the other X chromosome (from dad) is inactivated. in females, patchy
61
in eukaryotes, sequences that bind to activator proteins and loops back to promoter to make initiation complex so genes can be transcribed. it is located upstream (before) the promoter
enhancers
63
when C's in promoter are methylated, a methyl group is covalently added to it. methyl groups block RNA polymerase so that gene can't turn on. these methylated genes are inactivated and turns off. type of epigenetic change. these can be inherited and reversed (so they can be adtivated again)
DNA methylation
64
proteins that control whether a gene is active. activator or repressor binds to a operator in prokaryotes. in eukaryotes, they bind to an enhancer or silencer
regulatory proteins
65
Tat (transactivator of transcription)
HIV counterattack for transcription terminator, allows RNA polymerase to transcribe viral genome
67
alteration of chromatin structure. change DNA (negatively charged) from spread out and available for transcription to wound up around histones (proteins) (positively charged) and unavailable to be transcribed bc RNA polymerase cannot access it. these pos and neg charges can be neutralized by adding acetyl groups (can make a DNA wrapped up to become unwound and available for transcription)
chromatin remodeling
69
regulated genes
genes that are expressed only when their proteins are needed by the cell. genes can be turned on or off (inducible or repressible genes)
70
chromatin remodeling
alteration of chromatin structure. change DNA (negatively charged) from spread out and available for transcription to wound up around histones (proteins) (positively charged) and unavailable to be transcribed bc RNA polymerase cannot access it. these pos and neg charges can be neutralized by adding acetyl groups (can make a DNA wrapped up to become unwound and available for transcription)
71
used for controlling anabolic pathways (to make something). a metabolic product (like co-repressor) binds to regulatory protein, which then binds to operator and block transcription e.g. in trp operon blocking trancription stops more tryptophan form being made when it is unneeded
repressible systems
72
acetyl groups added to amino acids which neutralize their attraction and open the DNA for transcription and gene expression
acetylated histones
73
reasons gene expression is modified
to counteract environmental changes or to alter cell function
74
heterochromatin
condensed, dark-staining DNA. genes are not transcribed
75
constitutive genes
genes that are actively expressed all of the time, needed for cell function
76
ubiquiton
regulates how much protein is made. targets protein for protein degradation. it attached to protein and is recognized by a proteasome and then cut up (amino acids are recycled).
77
repressor protein
protein that binds to silencers in eukaryotes and decreases transcription. binds to operons in prokaryotes. negative regulation
78
regulates how much protein is made. targets protein for protein degradation. it attached to protein and is recognized by a proteasome and then cut up (amino acids are recycled).
ubiquiton
79
regulatory sequence / response element
sequence of base pairs in DNA that gets recognized by same set of transcription factors. all genes with this get turned on/off at the same time - coordinated gene expression. we have different types of these for different situations
80
retrovirus
virus made of RNA. HIV is this
81
genes that are expressed only when their proteins are needed by the cell. genes can be turned on or off (inducible or repressible genes)
regulated genes
82
activator protein
protein that binds to enhancers in eukaryotes and increases transcription. bind to operons in prokaryotes. positive regulation
83
acetylated histones
acetyl groups added to amino acids which neutralize their attraction and open the DNA for transcription and gene expression
84
targets one type of mRNA to inhibit translation and degradation
miRNA (microRNA)
85
promoter
DNA sequence in operon and eukaryotic genes. sequence that polymerase recognizes. upstream of gene. common type is TATA box
86
transcription factors
proteins that are only in eukaryotes. they form a complex with RNA polymerase and bind to a promoter (TATA box)
87
DNA sequence in operon and eukaryotic genes. sequence that polymerase recognizes. upstream of gene. common type is TATA box
promoter
88
proteins that are only in eukaryotes. they form a complex with RNA polymerase and bind to a promoter (TATA box)
transcription factors

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