purine
type of base with double rings. A, G
golgi apparatus
composed of flattened sacs (cisternae) and membrane enclosed vesicles. vesicles with protein are budded off the ER and are fused here. proteins are modified further (like adding carbs/sugars to them). like the post office. proteins are received, modified, sent off. three regions. cis, trans and medial
the stuff in between the nucleus/nucloid and cell membrane. "the rest of the cell." includes cytosol and organelles
cytoplasm
a starter strand to begin DNA replication. complementary to DNA template. short sequence and temporary. provides 3' end to add nucleotides to
RNA primer
granum
stacks of thylakoid
new strand of DNA made in the direction of the unzipping (towards the fork)
leading strand
males (XY) are this, only one copy of the X chromosome
hemizygous
pre-replication complex
DNA replication starts by binding this large protein complex to a specific site (ori) on DNA molecule. this complex includes DNA polymerase
pyrimidines
type of base with single rings. C, T, U
epistasis
the phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene
enzyme
biological catalysts. all are proteins. always end in "-ase". work by inducing strain or changing orientation of substrate or adding a chemical group
type of base with single rings. C, T, U
pyrimidines
helps in facilitated diffusion. a hole/pore w/ hydrophillic tunnel going thru hydrophobic membrane. it moves charged ions through membrane. it is an electrochemical gradient. it has 3 types of gates: voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels and mechanially gated channels
ion channel proteins
type of secondary active transport. moves 2 molecules in opposite direction. e.g. as Na moves down concentration gradient, Ca moves agains concentration gradient
antiporter
the liquid part of the cell, any water and solids dissolved in it (like ions and salts)
cytosol
generic term for different organelles in plant and algae cells. e.g. chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast
plastid
mitochondria
in plant and animal cells. harvests chemical energy of energy rich molecules (like glucose) in a form the cell can use (ATP). it has ribosomes, DNA and can divide independently. has 2 membranes (outer and inner). outer membrane is porous. inner membrane has folds (cristae) which increases surface area and increases capacity to make energy
DNA ligase
enzyme that "sews" up the gaps in the lagging strand
recombinant
offspring that look part paternal and part maternal, this means there was a crossing over event
the phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene
epistasis
holes in cell wall for cells to communicate
plasmodesmata
in plant and animal cells. harvests chemical energy of energy rich molecules (like glucose) in a form the cell can use (ATP). it has ribosomes, DNA and can divide independently. has 2 membranes (outer and inner). outer membrane is porous. inner membrane has folds (cristae) which increases surface area and increases capacity to make energy
mitochondria
osmosis
type of passive transport, simple diffusion for H2O. some people think it is small enough to get past hydrophobic region of membrane or hitchhikes with other ions or passes via water only channels called aquaporins
covalent bond links together amino acids to form protein. condensation reactions links amino group of the new amino acid chain with the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the chain
peptide bonds
family tree. geneticists use these to determine if a rare disease allele is dominant or recessive. this c an determine how a disorder runs through a family and what kind of disorder it is.
pedigree
proteins that are not embedded in the bilayer and lack a hydrophobic region. they have polar regions
peripheral membrane proteins
nucleolus
region where ribosomes begin to assemble before they are exported. this is inside the nucleus
a parameter that describes the effects of the environment on the genotype. the proportion of individuals with a certain genotype that show the phenotype (100% in Huntington's disease, if you have a copy you will get the disease)
penetrance
isotonic
equal amount of solutes as the other side
supports and maintains cell shape. holds organelles in position. gives a "track" to move organelles/particles around the cell. interacts with extracellular membrane to hold cell in place. connects things inside and outside of cell. 3 parts: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
cytoskeleton
