a weaker bond between a partially positive H and partially negative atom (usually O, F or N) due to electronegativity. this often connects H2O molecules. important in DNA structure and protein folding
hydrogen bond
oligosaccharides
several monosaccharides. these usually have additional functional groups. often are covalentlybonded to proteins and lipids where they are recognition signals
fats and oils. hydrocarbons (made of H and C) insoluble in water bc of nonpolar covalent bonds. held together via van der Waals interactions. store energy, maintain cell membrane structure and keep animals warm
lipids
attraction between ions with opposite charges. weak bond and fall apart in water. this can occur because an atom gives an electron to another atom so they both become ions. they bond because the ions are attracted to each other
ionic bonds
membranes
created an internal environment for chemical reactions within a cell, made up of phospholipids and fatty acids
endergonic / endothermic
simple molecules form complex molecules, this requires an input of energy to break break strong bonds in smaller molecules
molecules
stable associations caused by atoms sharing electrons
entropy
measure of disorder in a system. more disorder equals lost energy. in any reaction some energy is lost
ionic bonds
attraction between ions with opposite charges. weak bond and fall apart in water. this can occur because an atom gives an electron to another atom so they both become ions. they bond because the ions are attracted to each other
a funtional group. nonpolar, unreactive. adds to DNA to turn on/off genes.
methyl
covalent bond between two monosaccharides by condensation reactions
glycosidic linkage
catabolic reactions / catabolism / exergonic / exothermic
breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones and releasing the energy that was used to make the complex molecules
a funtional group. basic, accepts/sucks up H to lower H concentration. donates -H in condensation reactions
amino
surface tension
the surface of liquid water is difficult tp puncture becase water molecules at the surface are hydrogen-bonded to to other molecules below them. this allows water to be filled above its rim w/o overflowing and spiders to walk on pond water
a covalent bond in which the electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than the other, resulting in an unequal distribution of charge. caused one atom to be partially positive and the other to be partially negative
polar covalent bond
breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones and releasing the energy that was used to make the complex molecules
catabolic reactions / catabolism / exergonic / exothermic
monosaccharides, 5 carbon sugars. these are ribose and deoxyribose, the backbones of RNA and DNA
pentose
anabolic reactions / anabolism / endergonic / endothermic
simple molecules form complex molecules, this requires an input of energy to break break strong bonds in smaller molecules
covalent bond
bond that forms when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. very strong
fatty acid
long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to a polar carboxyl group. tail is hydrophobic
water takes a lot of heat to raise its temperature or to evaprate because much of the heat energy is used to break the hydrogen bonds in the water
heat capacity and heat of vaporization
phospholipids
like triglycerides. two fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate compound replacing one of the fatty acids. phosphate compound is hydrophillic while fatty acids are hydrophobic (so amphipathic). 2 of these combine to make the bilayer of the membrane.
first law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destroyed
highly branched polymer of glucose. main energy storage molecule in mammals. can store glucose w/o water rushing in bc it is so branched. type of polysaccharide
glycogen
bond that forms when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. very strong
covalent bond
heat capacity and heat of vaporization
water takes a lot of heat to raise its temperature or to evaprate because much of the heat energy is used to break the hydrogen bonds in the water
cellulose
most abundant carbon containing compound. unbranched polymer of glucose. in plants. type of polysaccharide
how polymers are covalently linked. H and OH is removed from two monomers to attach them and this produces water
condensation
carboxyl
a funtional group. important in proteins. acidic and gives up lots of H. also donates -OH in condensation reactions
hydrogen bond
a weaker bond between a partially positive H and partially negative atom (usually O, F or N) due to electronegativity. this often connects H2O molecules. important in DNA structure and protein folding
