Chapter 6

Question 1

endergonic

Answer 1

energy is required, must be added to the reactants. synthesizes things, like adding P to ADP to make ATP

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

major catabolic pathway. metabolic reactions used by cells to harvest energy from food. energy is released when reduced molecules with many C-C and C-H bonds are oxidized to CO2. this oxidation of glucose to CO2 is done in a series of small steps. 3 pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. goal is to break down glucose into NADH and then make ATP

Question 1

citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

Answer 1

third step in cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix. two 2 carbon acetyly CoA are added to 4 C to make 6 C molecule. it breaks back down to 4 C (for the next cycle) and in these redox reactions a bunch of NADH is formed (to make ATP in the next step) and 2 ATP is made

Question 1

major catabolic pathway. metabolic reactions used by cells to harvest energy from food. energy is released when reduced molecules with many C-C and C-H bonds are oxidized to CO2. this oxidation of glucose to CO2 is done in a series of small steps. 3 pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. goal is to break down glucose into NADH and then make ATP

Answer 1

cellular respiration

Question 2

third step in cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix. two 2 carbon acetyly CoA are added to 4 C to make 6 C molecule. it breaks back down to 4 C (for the next cycle) and in these redox reactions a bunch of NADH is formed (to make ATP in the next step) and 2 ATP is made

Answer 2

citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle

Question 3

the gain or one or more electrons and H by an atom, ion or molecule.

Answer 3

reduction

Question 4

photosynthesis

Answer 4

major anabolic pathway. light energy, H20 andCO2 converts to chemical energy (ATP and NADH) and sugar and O2. occurs in chloroplast (partly in thylakoid and stroma). has 2 pathways: light reactions and carbon-fixation reaction

Question 5

photons

Answer 5

packets of light energy, can move molecule to an excited state

Question 6

reaction in which one substance transfers one or more electrons to another substance. reduction and oxidation occurring together (this always happens!). energy is transferred

Answer 6

redox, or reduction-oxidation reaction

Question 6

first step of cellular respiration. in cytoplasm, break 6 carbon molecule into two 3 carbon molecule (called pyruvate). produces 2 NADH (to be converted to ATP later) and 2 ATP

Answer 6

glycolysis

Question 7

light travels as this. distance between 2 peaks. shorter is more energy (like x rays or UV) and longer is less energy.

Answer 7

wavelength

Question 8

carbon fixation reactions

Answer 8

pathway of photosynthesis. uses ATP, NADPH (from light reactions) and CO2 to produce carbs. enzyme rubisco helps this process. occurs in stroma during Calvin Cycle

Question 9

chlorophyll is excited and gives electron to this. H2O is oxidized to O2 (H2O is electron donor). NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. protein gradient is created across thylakoid membrane and ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. ATP is used to make sugars

Answer 9

electron transport system in chloroplast

Question 9

ATP and NADPH from electron transport in chloroplast goes here. this is the carbon-fixation reaction of photosynthesis. occurs in stroma of chloroplast. ATP and NADPH is used to fix CO2 (reduce CO2) into sugar/carbs.

Answer 9

The Calvin Cycle

Question 11

exergonic

Answer 11

releases energy from reactants, e.g. breaks P off of ATP (hydrolysis of ATP) to release energy that can be used in an energy requiring reaction

Question 12

heterotrophs

Answer 12

can’t do photosynthesis, relies on plants for energy (animals)

Question 13

NAD+, NADH

Answer 13

stored or trapped energy when reduced. an electron carrier in cells in redox reactions and when it is oxidized can release more energy than hydrolysis of ATP

Question 13

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. produces ATP in mitochondria

Question 14

redox, or reduction-oxidation reaction

Answer 14

reaction in which one substance transfers one or more electrons to another substance. reduction and oxidation occurring together (this always happens!). energy is transferred

Question 14

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 14

2nd step in cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix. two 3 C pyruvate molecules are oxidized into 2 carbon Acetyl CoA in a redox reaction. NADH and CO2 is given off

Question 15

diffusion of protons down their electrochemical gradient. converts potential energy of protons (H) into the chemical energy of ATP. the mechanism that drives synthesis of ATP. this occurs in ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 15

chemiosmosis

Question 16

chemiosmosis

Answer 16

diffusion of protons down their electrochemical gradient. converts potential energy of protons (H) into the chemical energy of ATP. the mechanism that drives synthesis of ATP. this occurs in ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 18

2nd step in cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix. two 3 C pyruvate molecules are oxidized into 2 carbon Acetyl CoA in a redox reaction. NADH and CO2 is given off

Answer 18

pyruvate oxidation

Question 19

photosystems

Answer 19

proteins embedded in electron transport membrane in thylakoid. 2 types: II and I

Question 20

The Calvin Cycle

Answer 20

ATP and NADPH from electron transport in chloroplast goes here. this is the carbon-fixation reaction of photosynthesis. occurs in stroma of chloroplast. ATP and NADPH is used to fix CO2 (reduce CO2) into sugar/carbs.

Question 22

occurs in our muscle cells when we are too tired. starts with glycolysis. glucose to pyruvate to 2 lactic acid (lactate) and NADH is regenerated to NAD+. produces 2 lactic acid and 2 ATP. temporary for when O2 isnt available.

Answer 22

lactic acid fermentation

Question 24

fermentation

Answer 24

reoxidizes NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. occurs in cytoplasm. only creates 2 ATP from glycolysis. occurs in absense of O2 (anaerobic). 2 types: lactic acid and alcoholic

Question 26

a transmembrane protein (enzyme) in inner mitochondrial membrane. helps proton diffuse across the membrane. this converts potential energy of protein gradient into ATP (ATP synthesis!) in the process chemiosmosis. this produces about 30 ATP from one glucose molecule

Answer 26

ATP synthase

Question 27

ATP synthase

Answer 27

a transmembrane protein (enzyme) in inner mitochondrial membrane. helps proton diffuse across the membrane. this converts potential energy of protein gradient into ATP (ATP synthesis!) in the process chemiosmosis. this produces about 30 ATP from one glucose molecule

Question 27

pathway of photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical engery (ATP and NADPH). occurs in thylakoids

Answer 27

light reactions

Question 29

reoxidizes NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. occurs in cytoplasm. only creates 2 ATP from glycolysis. occurs in absense of O2 (anaerobic). 2 types: lactic acid and alcoholic

Answer 29

fermentation

Question 30

major anabolic pathway. light energy, H20 andCO2 converts to chemical energy (ATP and NADH) and sugar and O2. occurs in chloroplast (partly in thylakoid and stroma). has 2 pathways: light reactions and carbon-fixation reaction

Answer 30

photosynthesis

Question 31

can't do photosynthesis, relies on plants for energy (animals)

Answer 31

heterotrophs

Question 32

light reactions

Answer 32

pathway of photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical engery (ATP and NADPH). occurs in thylakoids

Question 33

packets of light energy, can move molecule to an excited state

Answer 33

photons

Question 34

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 34

occurs in our muscle cells when we are too tired. starts with glycolysis. glucose to pyruvate to 2 lactic acid (lactate) and NADH is regenerated to NAD+. produces 2 lactic acid and 2 ATP. temporary for when O2 isnt available.

Question 35

self sufficient (plants)

Answer 35

autotrophs

Question 36

pathway of photosynthesis. uses ATP, NADPH (from light reactions) and CO2 to produce carbs. enzyme rubisco helps this process. occurs in stroma during Calvin Cycle

Answer 36

carbon fixation reactions

Question 37

reduction

Answer 37

the gain or one or more electrons and H by an atom, ion or molecule.

Question 37

when glucose accumulate they link to form this storage carb.

Answer 37

starch

Question 38

stored or trapped energy when reduced. an electron carrier in cells in redox reactions and when it is oxidized can release more energy than hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 38

NAD+, NADH

Question 39

starch

Answer 39

when glucose accumulate they link to form this storage carb.

Question 40

wavelength

Answer 40

light travels as this. distance between 2 peaks. shorter is more energy (like x rays or UV) and longer is less energy.

Question 41

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. produces ATP in mitochondria

Answer 41

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 43

chlorophyll

Answer 43

green pigment in chloroplast (absorbs red and bue). when it absorbs a photon it enters an excited state and rapidly returns to ground state which releases an electron. this electron goes to the electron transport system in thylakoid membrane

Question 44

green pigment in chloroplast (absorbs red and bue). when it absorbs a photon it enters an excited state and rapidly returns to ground state which releases an electron. this electron goes to the electron transport system in thylakoid membrane

Answer 44

chlorophyll

Question 45

molecule that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.e.g. in chloroplast this (chlorophyll) absorbs blue and red (green is reflected)/

Answer 45

pigment

Question 47

glycolysis

Answer 47

first step of cellular respiration. in cytoplasm, break 6 carbon molecule into two 3 carbon molecule (called pyruvate). produces 2 NADH (to be converted to ATP later) and 2 ATP

Question 48

oxidation

Answer 48

the loss of one or more electrons and H

Question 50

glycolysis to pyruvate to ethyl alcohol (ethanol), regenerates NAD+. produces 2 ethonal, 2 CO2 and 2 ATP. occurs in plants and yeasts

Answer 50

alcoholic fermentation

Question 51

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 51

glycolysis to pyruvate to ethyl alcohol (ethanol), regenerates NAD+. produces 2 ethonal, 2 CO2 and 2 ATP. occurs in plants and yeasts

Question 52

electron transport chain / respiratory chain

Answer 52

carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that produce a series of redox reactions. NADH from citric acid cycle is oxidized to NAD+ here. electrons lost from NADH will travel to these carrier protein and transferred down the chain until it is accepted by O2 (final electron acceptor) and gets reduced to H2O. as electrons are passed down the chain, protons are pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane to create an electrochemical gradient.

Question 53

releases energy from reactants, e.g. breaks P off of ATP (hydrolysis of ATP) to release energy that can be used in an energy requiring reaction

Answer 53

exergonic

Question 54

proteins embedded in electron transport membrane in thylakoid. 2 types: II and I

Answer 54

photosystems

Question 55

autotrophs

Answer 55

self sufficient (plants)

Question 56

electron transport system in chloroplast

Answer 56

chlorophyll is excited and gives electron to this. H2O is oxidized to O2 (H2O is electron donor). NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. protein gradient is created across thylakoid membrane and ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. ATP is used to make sugars

Question 57

energy is required, must be added to the reactants. synthesizes things, like adding P to ADP to make ATP

Answer 57

endergonic

Question 58

the loss of one or more electrons and H

Answer 58

oxidation

Question 59

pigment

Answer 59

molecule that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.e.g. in chloroplast this (chlorophyll) absorbs blue and red (green is reflected)/

Question 60

carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that produce a series of redox reactions. NADH from citric acid cycle is oxidized to NAD+ here. electrons lost from NADH will travel to these carrier protein and transferred down the chain until it is accepted by O2 (final electron acceptor) and gets reduced to H2O. as electrons are passed down the chain, protons are pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane to create an electrochemical gradient.

Answer 60

electron transport chain / respiratory chain