Chapter 10 Blood

Question 1

Functions of blood

Answer 1

transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones

distributes heat

hemeostasis

Question 2

Blood components

Answer 2

only fluid tissue in body

living cells: formed elements

non-living cells: plasma

Question 3

composition of blood

Answer 3

erytrocytes (RBC) 45%

buffy coat: leukcytes (WBC) and platelets less than 1%

Plasma 55%

Question 4

characteristics of blood

Answer 4

oxygen rich-scarlet red

oxygen poor-dull red

ph 7.35-7.45

temp 100.4

volume 6 qts

Question 5

Blood Plasma

Answer 5

90% water

dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (electrolytes), respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products

Question 6

Plasma proteins

Answer 6

most abundant solutes in plasman 7%

most made by liver

albumin

clotting proteins

globulins

Question 7

albumin

Answer 7

60% of plasma proteins

regulates osmotic pressure

made by liver

Question 8

clotting proteins

Answer 8

4% of plasma

plays role in blood coagulation

made by liver

Question 9

Globulins

Answer 9

36% of plasma

Alpha and Beta globulins

transport proteins

made by liver

Question 10

Gamma globulins

(antibodies)

Answer 10

help protect the body from pathagens

made my lymphocytes

Question 11

Formed elements

Answer 11

erythrocytes (RBC)

leukocytes (WBC)

platelets-thrombocytes

Question 12

Erythrocytes

RBC

Answer 12

carry oxygen

biconcave disks

bags of hemoglobin

no nucleus

very few organelles

5 million per mm^3

Question 13

Hemoglobin

Answer 13

iron containing protein

binds strongly but reversibly to oxygen

each hemoglobin molecule has 4 O2 binding sites

RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

normal blood 12-18 g per 100ml of blood

Question 14

Hemoatopoiesis

Erytrhocyte production

Answer 14

kidneys produce most erythropoietin in response to reduced O2 levels in blood

erythroprotein stimulates RBC formatoin in red marrow

homeostasis is maintaind via negative feedback from blood O2 levels

Question 15

Old RBC

Answer 15

unable to divide, grow or synthesize proteins

wear out in 100-120 days

when worn out RBC is eliminated by phagocytes in teh spleen or liver

Question 16

Leukocytes

WBC

Answer 16

protect body against pathogens

4000-11,000 WBC per mm^3

differential WBC count lists % of each type of WBC, may change with disease status

Question 17

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Answer 17

fragments of megakaryocytes

form platelet plug to help seal damaged blood vessels

initiates formatoin of blood clot

normal cound 300,000 per mm^3

Question 18

Hemostasis

Answer 18

stoppage of bleeding resulting from breaking in a blood vessel

Question 19

phases of hemostasis

Answer 19

vascular spasm

platelet plug formation

coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 20

Vascular spasms

Answer 20

occurs immediatly if a vessel is cut or broken

spasm narrows the vessel decreasing blood loss

Question 21

platelet plug formation

Answer 21

collagen fibers are exposed by break in vessel

platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers

anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets

platelets pile up to for a plug

Question 22

Coagulation

blood clotting

Answer 22

most effective homeostatic mechanism

final step conversion of fibrogen into insoluable fibrin threads

Thrombin: enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

fibrin forms meshwork that traps RBC

blood usually clots in 3-6 min

clot remains as endothelium regenerates

clot is broken down after tissue repair

Question 23

Blood loss

Answer 23

loss of 15-30% causes weakness

loss of over 30% causes shock which can be fatal

Question 24

Blood Transfusion

Answer 24

transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

transfused blood must be of the same blood group

Question 25

Blood group genetic proteins

Answer 25

antigens: proteins found on surface of RBC antibodies: clumping of RBC due to interaction of antigens and antibodies

Question 26

Blood groups

Answer 26

grouped based on presence or absence of 2 major protein antigens on the RBC membrane 4 ypes: A, B, AB and O 2-8 mos after birth the body may synthesize certain antibodies Antibodies A or B found within plasma

Question 27

Type AB blood

Answer 27

Antigens: both A and B Antibodies: neither A or B

Question 28

Type A blood

Answer 28

Antigens: A is present Antibodies: B is present

Question 29

Type B blood

Answer 29

Antigens: B is present Antibodies: A is present

Question 30

Type O blood

Answer 30

Antigens: lack A and B Antibodies: A and B are present

Question 31

AB transfusion

Answer 31

can receive A, B, AB or O blood Universal recipient

Question 32

A transfusion

Answer 32

can receive A and O blood

Question 33

B transfusion

Answer 33

can receive B and O blood

Question 34

O transfusion

Answer 34

can receive O blood universal donor

Question 35

RH blood groups

Answer 35

presence or absence of antigen D Rh negative: RBC lasck Rh antigen Rh positive: RBC has antigen person with rh neg blood does not make anti Rh unless exposed to Rh positive blood

Question 36

Rh Sensitization

Answer 36

person with negative blood receives transfusion of positive blood initial is not problme but anti body cells begin synthesizing anti-Rh antibodies person is now sensitized to Rh-positive blood next exposure wo Rh positive blood will cause recipients blood to agglutinate with donors RBC

Question 37

Rh pregnance dangers

Answer 37

when mother is Rh- and father is Rh+ Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Question 38

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Answer 38

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby first child no problem after mother is sensitized to Rh+ and will produce anti Rh antibodies 2nd pregnancy will attack Rh+ blood of fetus

Question 39

RhoGAM shot

Answer 39

shot to prevent buildup of anti Rh+ antibodies in mothers blood

Question 40

Blood Typing

Answer 40

blood type is determinede by finding which antigens are present on RBC membrane blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain antigens to clump ABO and Rh typing are done in similar manner

Question 41

Cross matching

Answer 41

testing for agglutination of donors RBC by the recipients serum and vice versa

Question 42

Agglutination testing

Answer 42

expose sample to anti A antibodies and anti B antibodies look for clumping (agglutination)] if clumping present the antigen is present on the RBC

Question 43

Blood Transfusions

Answer 43

always best to give person their own blood

Question 44

Transfusion reaction

Answer 44

agglutination of donor RBC because recipients plasma contains antibodies against the antigens on donor RBC