Chapter 3 5-6 reverse

Question 1

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Sum of all chemical ractions occurring within a living organism

Answer 1

Metablolism

Question 2

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protein that controls the rate of a chemical reaction

Answer 2

Enzyme

Question 3

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Anabolic Catabolic Some are reversible

Answer 3

Metabolic Reactoins

Question 4

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Building larger molecules from smaller ones synthesis reactions Requires energy

Answer 4

Anabolic Reaction

Question 5

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Breaking down larger molecules into smller ones releases energy

Answer 5

Catabolic Reaction

Question 6

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Provides biochemicals for growth and repair occur via Dehydration synthesis Removing one molecule of wather when joining 2 smaller molecules together

Answer 6

Anabolism

Question 7

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Polymers of simple sugar join sugars remove -OH from one sugar and an -H from another sugar precess continues to form larger polysaccharides

Answer 7

Polysaccharides

Question 8

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Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid molecules Each fatty acid is joined ot the glycerol through dehydration synthesi bond formed as enzyme removes -H from the hydroxyl group and -OH from the carboxyl group

Answer 8

Triglyceride

Question 9

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polymers of amino acids formed when -OH is removed from carboxyl group of one and -H is removed from amine group of another Bond is called a PEPTIDE bond

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

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Dipeptide 2 amino acids linked polypeptide chain of less than 50 amino acids protein contains 50 to thousands of amino acids

Answer 10

Peptide bonds

Question 11

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breaks larger molecules into their building blocks occurs in Hydrolysis reaction Carbohydrates proteins Triglycerides

Answer 11

Catabolism

Question 12

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Assembly line Few linear cells in pathways most pathways are branched

Answer 12

Metabolic pathways

Question 13

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series of chemical reactions A different enzyme controls each step in the pathway

Answer 13

Metabolic Pathway Assembly linie

Question 14

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enzymes control rate of reactions first enzyme in pathway is regulatory enzyme rate limiting enzyme Limited supply of this enzyme within cell

Answer 14

metabolic reaction control

Question 15

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Series of chemical reactions controlled by enzymes about 1/2 of released energy is transferred about 1/2 energy is lost as heat helps maintain body temperature

Answer 15

Cellular Respiration

Question 16

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Occurs in 3 distinct yet interconnected series of reactions Glycolysis Citric Acid Oxidative Phosphorylation Final products are heat CO2, H2O and ATP

Answer 16

Cellular Respiration

Question 17

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Adenine base +ribose sugar+3 phosphate groups some energy release is captured in the high energy storage bonds when energy is needed a bond is broken and the energy is released

Answer 17

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 18

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Breakdown of glucose occurs in cytoplasm does not require O2 anaerobic phase of cellular respiration substrates glucose products 2 pyruvate 3C molecules net gain 2 ATP 2 NADH Molecules that carry high energy electrons to electron support system in mitochondria limited number of NADH in cell

Answer 18

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 19

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Citric acid cycle and electron support system occurs within the mitochondria complete oxidation of clucose will produce heat 32 ATP, CO2 and H2O

Answer 19

Aerobic Respiration

Question 20

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if enough O2 available, pyruvate enters the pathways of aerobic respiration each pyruvate that enters loses one C as CO2 resulting in 2 C molecules combines ith coenzyme A resulting in acetyl/CoA one NADH is produced per pyruvate carry high energy to transport system For each glucose 2 pyruvate enter the mitochondria not enough O2 pyruvate is converted to lactic acid allows NAD+ to accept more electrons so glycolysis continues

Answer 20

Transition reaction

Question 21

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for one glucose 2 acetyl CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle each CoA (2C) combines with an oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid 2 C from each acetyl CoA are released as 2 CO2 1 ATP is formed from GTP 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 carry high energy electrons to transport chain

Answer 21

Citric Acid Krebs Cycle

Question 22

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includes events of the ETC and Chemiosmosis Electron Transport Chain ETC

Answer 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 23

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linked series of proteins includes enzymes and iron containing proteins receive pairs of high energy electrons from NADH FADH electrons are passed from one ETC to the next some energy is released this energy pumps H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space establishes concentration gradient fro H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane high H+ in intermembrane Low H+ in matrix Oxygen requirement electrons usually given to the ETS are given to the O2 if limited O2 available then reaction slow down

Answer 23

Electron transport chain ETC

Question 24

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Synthesis of ATP using the H+ concentration gradient established by ETC H+ move down the gradient through ATP synthase is couple to the phosphylatoin of ADP ATP synthase is both an enzyme and ion channel

Answer 24

Chemiosmosis

Question 25

# reverse Products of oxidation of glucose 2 ATP directly from glycolysis 2 ATP directly from the CAC 28 ATP from oxidative phophorylation ETS 6 CO2 water heat

Answer 25

Cellular Respiration Summary

Question 26

# reverse can be broken down to release energy for ATP substrates can enter pyruvate, acetyl CoA or some other point in glycolysis or citric acid cycle

Answer 26

Lipids and proteins

Question 27

# reverse DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein proteins have many functions building materials for cells Act as enzymes biological catalysts RNA is essential for protein synthesis

Answer 27

Gene

Question 28

# reverse Transcription DNA to RNA occurs in Nucleus Translation mRNA to protein occurs in cytoplasm entire process controlled by enzymes

Answer 28

Protein Synthesis

Question 29

# reverse Sequence of bases in a gene on the DNA codes for the amino acid sequence of specific protein 20 different amino acids Code triplets of bases of DNA that correspond to particular amino acids sequence of nucleotide bases code for the amino acid sequence a start and stop signal

Answer 29

Genetic Code

Question 30

# reverse Structure single polynucleotide strand composed of ribonucleotides Ribose sugar A U C and G Phosphate group Covalent bonds between nucleotides form sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 30

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 31

# reverse Messenger RNA mRNA Ribosomal RNA rRNA Transfer RNA tRNA

Answer 31

Role of RNA

Question 32

# reverse carries instructions for building proteins from the Nucleus to the Ribosome Codon series of three nucleotide bases that codes for an amino acid

Answer 32

Messenger RNA mRNA

Question 33

# reverse combines with proteins in nucleus to form Ribosomal subunits

Answer 33

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Question 34

# reverse transfers appropriate amino acids to ribosome for building protein many different tRNA molecules Anticodon 3 nucleotide bases that complimentary base pair with codon on mRNA

Answer 34

Transfer RNA tRNA

Question 35

# reverse Transfer information from DNA base to complimentary mRNA sequence synthesis of mRNA from DNA template three sequences on mRNA are called codons

Answer 35

Transcription

Question 36

# reverse RNA polymerase binds to promoter region on DNA RNA polymerase unwinds region of DNA RNA nucleotides complimentary base pair with bases on DNA template RNA polymerase links RNA nuceotides together to form precursor mRNA

Answer 36

Transcription steps

Question 37

# reverse precursur mRNA is modified before leaving nucleus non coding DNA regions introns are removed Intervening regions coding regions exons are spliced expressed regions mRNA moves out of nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

Answer 37

RNA processing

Question 38

# reverse Base sequence of mRNA is translated to an amino acid sequence Amino acids are building blocks of proteins 3 phases initiation elongation termination

Answer 38

Translation

Question 39

# reverse mRNA and ribosomes come together Anticodon on tRNA carrying the first amino acid complimentary base pair with start codon on mRNA

Answer 39

Initiation

Question 40

# reverse Anticodon of next tRNA binds to next codon on mRNA peptide bond forms between new amino acid and growing peptide chain mRNA shifts it position on ribosome by one codon cycle repeats

Answer 40

Elongation

Question 41

# reverse when a stop codon reached the ribosomes elongation stops stop codon does not code for an amino acid poly peptide chain is released from the last tRNA Ribosome mRNA and the last tRNA come apart

Answer 41

Termination

Question 42

# reverse 64 codons most code for amino acid 1 start and 3 stop

Answer 42

Table of codons

Question 43

# reverse A gene that is transcribed and translated into a protein

Answer 43

Expressed Gene

Question 44

# reverse several ribosomes translate on mRNA simultaneously resulting in a string of ribosomes called polyribosomes

Answer 44

Polyribosomes