Chapter 13 Respiratory System

Question 1

Organs of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Traechea

Bronchi

Lungs-alveoli

Question 2

Functions of Respiratory system

Answer 2

Gas exchangees between blood and external environment occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

passage ways to the lungs purify, humidify and warm the incoming air

help control the bodys pH

Question 3

Nose

Answer 3

only external visible part of the system

air enters through external nostrils (nares)

interior nasal cavity divided by nasal septum (vomer, ethmoid and cartilage)

Question 4

Anatomy of nasal cavity

Answer 4

olfactory receptors are located on the superior surface

lined with respiratory mucosa to moisten air and trap foreign particles

lateral walls have projections called conchae to increase surface area and air turbulence in nasal cavity

separated from oral cavity by the palate

anterior hard palate-bone, posterior soft palate-muscle

Question 5

Paranasal SInuses

Answer 5

air filled cavities with bones surrounding the nasal cavity

located in skull

Question 6

sinuses function

Answer 6

lighten the skull

resonance chambers for speech

produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Question 7

Pharynx (throat)

Answer 7

muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

three regions

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Question 8

Nasopharynx

Answer 8

superior region behind the nasal cavity

Question 9

Oropharynx

Answer 9

middle region behind the oral cavity

Question 10

Laryngopharynx

Answer 10

inferior region attached to the larynx

Question 11

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Answer 11

common passagways for food and air

Question 12

Larynx

Answer 12

formed by 8 rigid hyaline cartilages and a flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Plays role in speech “voice box”

Question 13

Epiglottis

Answer 13

protects the superior opening of larynx

routes food to the esophogus and air toward the treachea

when swallowing it rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

Question 14

Voice box

Answer 14

true vocal cords:

vocal folds, lower folds, vibrate with expelled air to create sound (vocalization)

false vocal cords:

vestibular folds, upper cords

Question 15

Treachea (windpipe)

Answer 15

4” tube that connects larynx with bronchi

walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

lined with psuedo stratified cilinated columnar epithelium

cilia beat continuously toward pharynx, remove dust and other debris from lungs

Question 16

Bronchial tree

Answer 16

Primary Bronchi

Secondary Bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoi

Question 17

Alveoi

Answer 17

microscopic air sacs

simple squamous epithelium

permits rapid gas exchange

Question 18

Lungs

Answer 18

soft spongy cone shaped organs

Apex near clavicle (superior portion)

base rests on diaphragm (inferior portion)

divided into lobes by fissures

Left Lung 2 lobes

Right lung 3 lobes

Question 19

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 19

pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli

O2 and CO2 must cross when moving between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

three layers:

simple squamous epithelium (alveolar wall)

fused basement membrane

capillary epithelium

Air on one side, blood on the other

Question 20

Gas exchange

Answer 20

gas diffuses across the respiratory membrane

oxygen enters blood

CO2 enters the alveoli

Question 21

Events of Respiration

Answer 21

Pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

respiratory gas transport

internal respiration

Question 22

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 22

moving air in and out of the lungs

breathing

Question 23

External respiration

Answer 23

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

oxygen is loaded in blood

CO2 is unloaded from blood into alveoli

Question 24

Respiratory Gas transport

Answer 24

transport of O2 and CO2 via the bloodstream

Question 25

Internal Respiration

Answer 25

gas exchange between the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Question 26

Breathing

Answer 26

completely a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity volume changes lead to pressure changes 2 phases: inspiration (inhalation) expiration (exhalation)

Question 27

Volume changes in breathing

Answer 27

air flows because of a pressure gradient air flow stops when pressure equalizes Air flows into or out of lungs due to air pressure gradients

Question 28

Inspiration (inhalation)

Answer 28

Insparatory muscles contract lung volume increases pressure lower in lungs than atmosphere air flows into lungs

Question 29

Expiration (exhalation)

Answer 29

Insparatory muscles relax lung volume decreases pressure higher in lungs than atmosphere air flows out of lungs

Question 30

External respiration Alveolar Gas exchange

Answer 30

O2: diffuses from alveoli into blood of pulmonary capillaries CO2: diffuses from blood into pulmonary capillaries in alveoli blood leaves lungs rich in O2 low in CO2

Question 31

Gas Transport in Blood

Answer 31

Oxygen transported in blood almost all O2 is transported in blood by hemoglobin (HbO2) small amount transported in plasma CO2 transport in blood: most is transported in plasma as bicarbonite ion (HCO3) 70% Carbaminlhemoglobin 10% dissolved in plasma

Question 32

Internal Respiration

Answer 32

exchange of gases between blood and body cells CO2 diffuses out of tissue into body Hemoglobin releases O2 O2 diffuses from blood into tissue

Question 33

Control of Neural Regulation of Respiration

Answer 33

neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons Medulla: sets basic rythm of breathing Pons: controls respiratory rate

Question 34

Respiratory rate and depth influencing factors

Answer 34

CO2 levels in arterial blood: increased levels of CO2 in crease rate and depth of breathing O2 levels very very low levels in blood will stimulate breathing