Chapter 7 Nervous system reverse

Question 1

reverse

Sensory input

integration

motor output

Answer 1

Nervous System

Question 2

reverse

monitor changes occuring inside and outside the body

gather information

Answer 2

Sensory input

Question 3

reverse

process and interpret sensory input

decide if action is needed

Answer 3

Integration

Question 4

reverse

respond to integrated stimuli

activate muscles or glands

voluntary and involuntary

Answer 4

motor output

Question 5

reverse

Central Nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 5

Organization of Nervous System

Question 6

reverse

brain and spinal cord

Answer 6

Central Nervous System

Question 7

reverse

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

cranial and spinal nerves

Answer 7

peripheral nervous system

Question 8

reverse

sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

Answer 8

Nerve functional classification

Question 9

reverse

nerve fibers that carry information to the CNS
and the central canal

Answer 9

Sensory nerves

Question 10

reverse

nerve fibers taht carry impulses away from the CNS

1 Somatic nervous system: voluntary, skeletal muscle

2: Autonomic nervous system: involuntary, smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Answer 10

motor nerves

Question 11

reverse

consists of neurons and neuroglia

Answer 11

Nervous tissue
structure

Question 12

reverse

structural and functional unit of the nervous system and conduct nerve impulses

Answer 12

neurons

Question 13

reverse

supports cells that provide physical support, insulation and nutrients to neurons

Answer 13

neuroglia

Question 14

reverse

astrocytes

microlia

ependymal cells

oligodendrocytes

satellite cells

schwann cells

Answer 14

Support cells

Question 15

reverse

abundant star chaped cells

form barrier between capillaries and neurons

control chemical environment of brain

Answer 15

Astrocytes

Question 16

reverse

phagocytose bacterial cells anc cellular debris in the CNS

Remove debris

Answer 16

microglia

Question 17

reverse

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 17

ependymal cells

Question 18

reverse

wrap around nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS

poroduce myelin sheaths

Answer 18

oligodendrocytes

Question 19

reverse

protect neuron bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 19

satellite cells

Question 20

reverse

form myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

Answer 20

schwann cells

Question 21

reverse

Nerve cells

specialized to transimt nerve impulses

Answer 21

Neurons

Question 22

reverse

cell body

Dendrites

Axon

Answer 22

Neuron regions

Question 23

reverse

nucleus

large nucleolus

nissl substance

specialized rough ER

Neurofibrils maintain shape

Answer 23

Cell body

Question 24

reverse

short highly branched cytoplasmic extensions

conduct signals toward the cell body

Answer 24

Dendrites

Question 25

# reverse 1 per neuron arises from the axon hillock may have many branches (collaterals) trigger zone region that initiates action potential (impulse) conduct impulse away from cell body to axon termials terminals contain vessels with neurotransmitters

Answer 25

axon

Question 26

# reverse separated by gap from next neuron 1 synaptic cleft: fluid filled gap between adjacent neurons 2 synapse: junction between nerves

Answer 26

axon terminals

Question 27

# reverse schwan cells surrounds region of several axons but does not form myelin sheath

Answer 27

unmylenated axon

Question 28

# reverse in PNS schwann cells wrap around peripheral axons in jelly roll fashion layers of cell membrane create myelin sheath, whitish fatty material neurilmma: portion of schwann cell that contains most of the cytoplasm and nucleus (outer surface) in CNS aligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath (no neurolemma) Nodes of ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath

Answer 28

myelinated axon

Question 29

# reverse most are located in CNS 1 gray matter: cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers 2 Nucleus: cluster of cell bodies within the white matter of CNS

Answer 29

Locatoin of neuronal cell bodies

Question 30

# reverse collectoin of cell bodies outside the CNS or in the PNS

Answer 30

Ganglion

Question 31

# reverse Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) Interneurons

Answer 31

Functional classification of neurons

Question 32

# reverse most unipolar some bipolar cell bodies in ganglia carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS receptor-specialized dendritic ending cutaneous sensr organs proprioceptors-dectect stretch or tension

Answer 32

sensoru neuron function

Question 33

# reverse multipolar neurons cell body within the CNS carry implulses from teh CNS to viscera, muscles and glands

Answer 33

motor neuron function

Question 34

# reverse found in pathways within the CNS multipolar some cell bodies in nuclei of CNS connect neurons

Answer 34

interneurons function

Question 35

# reverse multipolar: many extensions from the cell body bipolar: one axon and one dendrite unipolar: short single process leaving the cell body

Answer 35

Structural classification of Neurons

Question 36

# reverse irritability: ability to respond to stimuli conductivity: ability to transmit an impluse

Answer 36

functional properties of neurons

Question 37

# reverse potential difference across cell membrane plasma membrane is polarized at rest fewer + ions are inside the cell than outside resting potential caries with cell type-40 to -90 mV

Answer 37

Cell membrane potential

Question 38

# reverse distributino of ions across plasma membrane 1 Na+ high outside cell, low inside 2 K+ low outside cell, high inside negatively charged molecules: DNA, RNA, proteins membrane permeable to Na+ and K+ Na+/K+ pump (2 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)

Answer 38

Membrane potential cause

Question 39

# reverse depolarization repolarization

Answer 39

Membrane potential changes

Question 40

# reverse membrane potential bnecomes less negative Na+ channels open K+ channels close Na+ enters cell

Answer 40

membrane depolarization

Question 41

# reverse membrane potential returns to resting membrane potential (RMP) K+ channel opens Na+ channel closes K+ leaves cell

Answer 41

Membrane repolarization

Question 42

# reverse rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization

Answer 42

Nerve impulses Action potentials

Question 43

# reverse membrane potential at which an action potential is genterated stimuli from other neurons sum to bring membrane to threshold

Answer 43

Nerve impulse threshhold potential

Question 44

# reverse if the action potential starts it is propagated over the entire axon if not enough it begins ar trigger zone and ends at axon terminals

Answer 44

nerve impulse propagation

Question 45

# reverse action potentials occur only at nodes of ranvier saltatory conduction: AP appears to jump from node to node Fast 120m/sec

Answer 45

Nerve impulse myelinated axons

Question 46

# reverse action potential travels along the entire plasma membrane slow .5 m/sec

Answer 46

Nerve impulse unmyelinated axon

Question 47

# reverse neurons not in direct contact separated by small gap : synaptic cleft

Answer 47

Synapse

Question 48

# reverse axon terminal of presynaptic neuron synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter synaptic cleft receptors on postsynaptic membrane

Answer 48

synapse structure

Question 49

# reverse impulses not directly able to cross to another nerve action potential causes vesicle to move to membrane neurotransmitter is released from axon terminal neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft neurotransmitter binds to protein receptors on dendrite of next neuron, post synaptic neuron to stop a signal the neurotransmitter is broken down

Answer 49

synapse signal transmission

Question 50

# reverse rapid predictable and involuntary response to stimuli simplest neural pathway (reflex arc)

Answer 50

Relexes

Question 51

# reverse Sensory receptor-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor-neuron-effector

Answer 51

reflex pathway

Question 52

# reverse somatic reflexes: effectors are skeletal muscles autonomic reflexes: smooth muscle regulation heart and BP regulation regulation of glands digestive system regulation

Answer 52

Reflex types and regulation

Question 53

# reverse 3 lbs contains about 100 billion multipolare neurons 4 major sections cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Answer 53

Brain anatomy

Question 54

# reverse 2 cerebral hemispheres paird left and right superior part of brain connected internally by corpus callosum includes more than half of brain mass surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Answer 54

Cerebrum

Question 55

# reverse fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe

Answer 55

Lobes of cerebrum

Question 56

# reverse primary motor area: voluntary control of skeletal muscle sends impulses to skeletal muscles Borca's area: motor speech involved in our ability to speak problem solving and language comprehension

Answer 56

Frontal lobe

Question 57

# reverse somatic sensory area receives and interprets impulses from the bodies sensory receptors speech and language region

Answer 57

parietal lobe

Question 58

# reverse visoin center

Answer 58

Occipital lobe

Question 59

# reverse olifaction (smell Hearing

Answer 59

Temporal lobe

Question 60

# reverse gray matter: outer layer in cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies white matter: fiber tracts deep to the gray matter tract: bundle of fibers (axons) within the CNS Basal nuclei: regions of gray matter burried within the white matter

Answer 60

Cerebrum layers

Question 61

# reverse sits on top of the brain stem enclosed by cerebral hemispheres main parts: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Answer 61

Diencephalon

Question 62

# reverse surrounds third ventricle relay staton for sensory impulses transfers impulses to the correct part of cortex for localization and interpretation

Answer 62

Thalamus

Question 63

# reverse located under the thalamus important autonomic nervous system center helps regulate body temp controls water balance regulates metablolism important part of the limbic system (emotions) pituitary gland attached

Answer 63

Hypothalamus

Question 64

# reverse attaches to spinal cord 3 parts Midbrain Pons medulla oblongata

Answer 64

Brain stem

Question 65

# reverse mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers reflex center for vision and hearing

Answer 65

midbrain

Question 66

# reverse mostly composed of fiber tracts modifies activity of respiratory centers in the medulla

Answer 66

pons

Question 67

# reverse lowest part of brain stem merges into spinal cord includes important fiber tracts contains important control centers heart rate control, BP regulatoin, respiratory centers sets rate and depth of breathing, swallowing and vomiting

Answer 67

medulla oblongata

Question 68

# reverse cooridinates skeletal muscle activity helps maintain posture, balance and equilibrium

Answer 68

Cerebellum

Question 69

# reverse scalp and skin skull and vertebral column meninges cerebrospinal fluid blood brain barrier

Answer 69

CNS protection

Question 70

# reverse 3 connective tissue membranes covering brain and spinal cord dura mater arachnoid mater pis mater

Answer 70

meninges

Question 71

# reverse double layered external covering periosteum: attached to inner surface of skull Meningeal layer: out covering of brain folds inward in several areas

Answer 71

dura mater

Question 72

# reverse middle layer web like

Answer 72

arachnoid mater

Question 73

# reverse clings to surface of brain and spinal cord contains superficial blood vessels

Answer 73

Pia mater

Question 74

# reverse space between acrachnoid and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 74

subarachnoid space

Question 75

# reverse space bewtreen meninges surrounding spinal cord and bonds of vertebral canal filled with adipose and loos connective tissue

Answer 75

Epidural space

Question 76

# reverse similar to blood plasma composition formed by the choroid plexus, reabsorbed by arachnoid villi watery cushion to protect brain ciculated in subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

Answer 76

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 77

# reverse 4 interconnected cavities with in the brain filled with CSF CSF flows through

Answer 77

Ventricles

Question 78

# reverse CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain newborns

Answer 78

Hyrocephalus

Question 79

# reverse includes the least permeable capillaries of the body excludes many potentially harmful substances useless against: fats and fat soluable molecules respiratory gases (CO2 and O2) alcohol Nicotine Anesthesia

Answer 79

Blood brain barrier

Question 80

# reverse slender column of nerve fibers (tracts) and neurons center for spinal reflexes

Answer 80

Spinal Cord

Question 81

# reverse extends from the foramen magnum of skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord Cauda equina anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus

Answer 81

Spinal cord surface anatomy

Question 82

# reverse gray matter is mostly cell bodies Dorsal (posterior) horns Anterior (ventral) horns Gray commissure surround the central canal central canal is filled with CSF

Answer 82

Spinal cord internal anatomy

Question 83

# reverse White mater-fiber tracts ascending tracts carry sensory information to brain descending tracts conduct motor impulses from brain to motor neurons pathways between brain and spinal cord

Answer 83

Spinal cord exterior

Question 84

# reverse leave at each level of vertebra dorsal roots: sensory fibers sensory neurons found in dorsal root ganglia ventral roots: motor fibers motor neurons are found in the anterior horn spinal nerve forms where posterior and anterior roots merge

Answer 84

Spinal nerves

Question 85

# reverse Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS cranial nerve arises from brain spinal nerves arise from spinal cord

Answer 85

Peripheral Nervous System PNS

Question 86

# reverse bundle of neuron fibers

Answer 86

nerve

Question 87

# reverse neuron fibers bundled by connective tissue endoneurium surrounds each fiber groups are bound into fascicles by perineurium fascicles are bound together by epineurium

Answer 87

nerve structure

Question 88

# reverse portion of PNS that function automatically 2 neurons in series from CNS to effector regulates activites of cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

Answer 88

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 89

# reverse Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 89

autonomic nervouse subdivisions

Question 90

# reverse extraordinary situations-fight or flight exercise, excitement, emergency and embarrassment

Answer 90

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 91

# reverse housekeeping activites (rest and repose) digestoin, defacation and diereses

Answer 91

Parasympathetic Nervous System