Chapter 14 Digestion

Question 1

Accessory organs of the digestive system

Answer 1

Salivory glands

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

Question 2

Alimentary Canal

Answer 2

The Tube (24’ long)

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

anus

Question 3

Mouth

Answer 3

lips

cheeks

hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Vestibule

oral cavity

tongue

tonsils

Question 4

lips

Answer 4

protect the anterior opening

Question 5

cheeks

Answer 5

form the lateral wall of mouth

Question 6

hard palate

Answer 6

forms anterior roof of mouth

maxilla and palantine bones

Question 7

soft palate

Answer 7

muscle arch

forms posterior roof of mouth

Question 8

uvula

Answer 8

fleshy projection from soft palate

prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

Question 9

vestibule

Answer 9

space between lips and teeth and gums

Question 10

oral cavity

Answer 10

area contained by the teeth

Question 11

tongue

Answer 11

attached at the hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull

lingual frenulum anchors the tonge to floor of mouth

Question 12

tonsils

Answer 12

Palatine tonsils: on either side of tongue

Lingual Tonsils: posterior of tongue

Question 13

Mouth Physiology

Answer 13

mastication (chewing)

mixing food with saliva forms bolus

initiation of swallowing by the tongue

allows for the sense of taste

Question 14

Pharynx Anatomy

Answer 14

Nasopharynx: NOT part of digestive system

Oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity

Laryngopharynx: Below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus

Question 15

Esophagus

Answer 15

collapsible muscle tube that propels food into stomach

about 10” long

runs from pharynx to stomach

conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing)

Question 16

Stomach anatomy

Answer 16

located on left side of abdomen cavity

food enters cardioesophageal sphincter

food empties in the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter (valve)

Question 17

Stomach Mucosa

Question 18

Mucosa

Answer 18

inntermost layer is simple columnar epithelium

Question 19

mucous neck glands

Answer 19

produce sticky alkaline mucus

Question 20

gastric glands

Answer 20

situated in gastric pits

secrete gastric juices

Question 21

Cheif cells

Answer 21

produce protein digesting enzyme pepsinogen

Question 22

parietal cells

Answer 22

produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Question 23

Stomach physiology

Answer 23

temporary storage tank for food

site of food breakdown

chemical breakdown of protein begins

delivers chyme (foodmixed with gastric juice) to small intestine

Question 24

Small intestine

Answer 24

muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

3 portions: duodenum, jeunum, ileum

mesentery

Question 25

mesentery

Question 26

Function of small intestine

Answer 26

completes digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 27

Duodenum

Question 28

jejunum

Answer 28

body of small intestine

Question 29

ileum

Answer 29

extends from jejunum to large intestine

Question 30

structural modifications to small intestine

Answer 30

circular folds villi microvilli

Question 31

circular folds

Answer 31

deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

Question 32

villi

Answer 32

fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa simple columnar epithelium with microvilli capillary bed and lacteal: carry away absorbed nutrients

Question 33

microvilli

Answer 33

tiny projections of plasma membrane

Question 34

Chemical digestion in small intestine

Answer 34

enzymes are produced by intestinal cells and the pancreas

Question 35

pancreas

Question 36

large intestine

Answer 36

larger in diameter but shorter than small intestine cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum and anal canal anus

Question 37

appendix

Answer 37

lymphatic tissue extends from the cecum

Question 38

cecum

Answer 38

sac like first part of large intestine

Question 39

ascending colon

Answer 39

travels up RS of abdomen

Question 40

transverse colon

Answer 40

travels across abdonimal cavity

Question 41

descending colon

Answer 41

travels down the left side of the abdomin

Question 42

sigmoid colon

Answer 42

enters the pelvis

Question 43

rectum and anal canal

Answer 43

in pelvis

Question 44

anus

Answer 44

external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle voluntary control internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle, involuntary control normally closed except during defacation

Question 45

Large intestine function

Question 46

intestinal flora

Answer 46

bacteria that normally inhabit large intestine synthesize vitamin K, B12, thiamine and riboflavin produce intestinal gas

Question 47

feces

Answer 47

include material that were not digested or absorbed, water (75%), electrolytes, mucus and bacteria color due to bile pigments altered by intestinal bacteria

Question 48

defacation

Answer 48

frequency varies from person to person

Question 49

Accessory digestive organs

Answer 49

teeth salivary glands pancreas liver gallbladder

Question 50

teeth

Answer 50

mastication 2 sets: decisuous permanent

Question 51

deciduous teeth

Answer 51

20 teeth fully formed by age 2

Question 52

permanent teeth

Answer 52

replace deciduous between ages 6-12 full set 32

Question 53

regions of a tooth

Answer 53

crown enamel dentin pulp cavity root canal neck root

Question 54

tooth crown

Answer 54

exposed part of tooth

Question 55

enamel

Answer 55

hardest substance in body suface of teeth

Question 56

dentin

Answer 56

found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth

Question 57

pulp cavity

Answer 57

contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers of tooth

Question 58

root canal

Answer 58

where pulp cavity extends to the root of tooth

Question 59

neck

Answer 59

region in contact with the gum connects the crown to root

Question 60

root

Answer 60

cementum covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane

Question 61

Tooth functions

Question 62

Salivary glands

Answer 62

three pairs of glands epmty secretions into mouth

Question 63

Saliva

Answer 63

mixture of mucus and serous fluid contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion

Question 64

Saliva functions

Answer 64

moisten food to help form bolus dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted cleanses mouth

Question 65

pancreas

Answer 65

located posterior and inferior to the stomach produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonite ions: secreted into the duodenum

Question 66

liver

Answer 66

largest gland in the body located on right side of body inferior to the diaphragm

Question 67

liver functions

Answer 67

carbohydrate metabolism lipid metablolism protein metabolism storage bile

Question 68

carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 68

glycogen storage

Question 69

lipid metabolism

Answer 69

cholesterol synthesis

Question 70

protein metabolism

Answer 70

synthesizes plasma proteins removes amine group from amino acids

Question 71

liver storage

Answer 71

glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D and B12 blood filtering: removes damaged RBC and foreign substances detoxification: removes toxins from blood bile secretion

Question 72

bile

Answer 72

produced by liver cells (hepatocytes) emulsifies fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones aids in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol and fat soluable vitamins

Question 73

gallbladder

Answer 73

pear shaped sac located on inferior surface of liver stores and concentrates bile between meals biles enters duodenum during meals

Question 74

Digestive functions

Answer 74

Ingestion movements digestion absorption defacation

Question 75

ingestion

Answer 75

taking food in

Question 76

digestive movements

Question 77

Digestion

Question 78

mechanical digestion

Answer 78

mixing food in mouth with tongue churning food in stomach segmentation of small intestine further prepares food for further degradation by enzymes

Question 79

Chemical digestion

Answer 79

enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks carbs are broken to simple sugars proteins are broken to amino acids fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols

Question 80

absorption

Answer 80

end products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph food must enter mucosal cells then diffuse into blood or lymph capillaries

Question 81

defacation

Answer 81

elimination of indigestible or undigested substances fro the GI tract