Chapter 13 - Respiratory System Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 13 - Respiratory System Deck (127)
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1
Q

nasal cavity

A

nose, nares, cavity separated by septum

2
Q

pharynx

A

throat, cavity behind the nasal cavities and mouth

3
Q

larynx

A

voice organ, containing the vocal cords

4
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

5
Q

lung

A

two cone-shaped spongy organs consisting of alveoli, blood vessels, nerves, and elastic tissue. each is enveloped in a double-folded membrane called the pleura

6
Q

parietal pleura

A

the serous membrane that lines the thoracic (chest) cavity

7
Q

visceral pleura

A

membrane that covers the lungs. this membrane and the parietal membrane are close together. between them is a thin film of lubricating fluid that prevents friction when they slide against each other

8
Q

bronchus (pl., bronchi)

A

one of the larger passages conveying air to (right or left principal lobe) and within the lungs

9
Q

bronchioles

A

one of the subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree

10
Q

alveolus (pl., alveoli)

A

a small saclike dilation (outpocketing) of the alveolar ducts

11
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular partittion that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in the process of breathing

12
Q

abscess (lung)

A

a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissues

13
Q

anthracosis

A

accumulation of carbon deposits in the lung due to breathing smoke or coal dust, also known as black lung disease

14
Q

ARDS

A

adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome

15
Q

asbestosis

A

lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles. associated with development of mesothelioma, a type of lung cancer

16
Q

asphyxiation

A

suffocation

17
Q

asthma

A

spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchail airway obstruction

18
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or collapse of adult lung

19
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormally slow breathing

20
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of one or more bronchi

21
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of one or more bronchi

22
Q

byssinosis

A

lung disease resulting from inhaling cotton, flax, or hemp, also know as brown lung disease

23
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending in infiltrate surround tissues and to give rise to metastases

24
Q

coccidioidomycosis

A

a respiratory infection caused by spore inhalation of Coccidioides immitis, varying in severity from that of a common cold to symptoms resembling those of influenza; also called valley fever

25
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary (lung) disease, especially emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma

26
Q

cor pulmonale

A

heart failure from pulmonary disease

27
Q

coryza

A

profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose; the common cold

28
Q

cough

A

a forceful expiration preceded by a preliminary inhalation. usually caused by irritation of the airways from dust, smoke, infection, or mucus. can be described as croupy, rasping, harsh, hollow, loose, dry, productive, brassy, bubble, or wracking

29
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

generalized hereditary disorder of infants, children, and young adults associated with malfunctioning of the pancreas and frequent respiratory infections

30
Q

deviated septum

A

defect in the wall between the nostrils that can cause partial or complete obstruction

31
Q

diphtheria

A

an acute bacterial infection primarily affecting the membranes of the nose, throat, or larynx accompanied by fever and pain

32
Q

effusion

A

escape of a fluid; exudation or transudation

33
Q

emphysema

A

a pathologic accumulation of air in tissues or organs

34
Q

epistaxis

A

hemorrhage from the nose: nosebleed

35
Q

expectoration

A

the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up material from the lungs

36
Q

fibrosis

A

formation of fibrous or scar tissue (in lungs) usually caused by precious infections

37
Q

flail chest

A

chest wall moves paradoxically with respiration, owing to multiple fractures of the ribs

38
Q

“flu”

A

popular name for influenza

39
Q

hay fever

A

a hypersensitive state, e.g., allergy to pollen

40
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural thoracic cavity

41
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of part of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm

42
Q

hiccup

A

sharp respiratory sound with spasm of the glottis and diaphragm

43
Q

histoplasmosis

A

fungal infection of lungs, may be symptomatic or asymptomatic, resembling TB

44
Q

hyaline

A

glossy, translucent

45
Q

hyaline membrane disease

A

lack of surfactant due to a layer of hyaline material lining the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and bronchioles. leading cause of neonatal deaths

46
Q

influenza

A

an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract; serious for the very young and old

47
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

48
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis

A

inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi

49
Q

lung abscess

A

pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by white blood cells that have gone to a localized area to fight infection

50
Q

pertussis

A

acute upper respiratory infectious disease caused by bacterium Bordetella pertusis. commonly called whopping cough

51
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

52
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the plerual space, which compresses the underlying portion of the lung, resulting in dyspnea

53
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

54
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

any lung disease, e.g., anthracosis, silicosis, caused by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs

55
Q

pneumothorax

A

a collection of gas or air in the pleural cavity, resulting from a perforation through the chest wall or the visceral pleura

56
Q

rhinities rhinorrhea

A

inflammation of the nasal membrane; “runny nose”

57
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome, or crib death; cause unknown. associated failure of synapse of nerves to activate the diaphragm

58
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of a sinus

59
Q

sneeze

A

spasmodic contraction of muscles causing air to be expelled forcefully through the nose and mouth

60
Q

streptococcal throat

A

sore throat caused by the spore bacteria Streptococcus

61
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils

62
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

an infectious disease, marked by tubercles and caseous necrosis in tissues of the lung

63
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection, general term for colds or “flu”

64
Q

valley fever

A

see coccidioidomycosis

65
Q

wheezing

A

a high-pitched, whistling sound from air movement through narrowed bronchioles during exhalation; symptom of asthma and COPD

66
Q

whooping cough

A

a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, marked by peculiar paroxysms of cough, ending in a prolonged crowing or whooping respiration

67
Q

aerosol

A

a medication that can be sprayed from a container to relieve bronchial distress, especially asthma

68
Q

anoxia

A

without oxygen

69
Q

apnea

A

temporary cession of breathing; asphyxia

70
Q

bifurcation

A

a division into two branches, e.g., bronchi

71
Q

blood gases

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood

72
Q

bronchodilator

A

an ageny capable of dilating the bronchi

73
Q

bronchoscope

A

an instrument for inspecting the bronchi

74
Q

bronchoscopy

A

lung examination using a bronchoscope

75
Q

bronchospasm

A

spasmodic contraction of bronchi muscles, as in asthma

76
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A

breathing characterized by waxing and waning of the depth of respiration: the patient breathes deeply a short time and then breaths slightly or stops altogether. the cycle repeats

77
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide; an orderless, colorless gas resulting from oxidation of carbon, formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs

78
Q

consolidation

A

solidification of lung tissue, as in pneumonia

79
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation; artificial means of providing circulation and breathing during cardiac and respiratory arrest

80
Q

cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood

81
Q

dyspnea

A

labored or difficult breathing

82
Q

endotracheal (ET) tube

A

an airway catherer inserted in the trachea during surgery and for a temporary airway in emergency situations

83
Q

expectorant

A

an agent that promotes expectoration (loosening of secretions)

84
Q

hemoptysis

A

the spitting of blood or of blood-stained sputum (from the lungs)

85
Q

hiatus

A

a gap (opening), especially in the diaphragm

86
Q

hypercapnia

A

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

87
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased rate and/or depth of respiration, e.g., from anxiety

88
Q

hyposensitization

A

the process of rendering hyposensitive, e.g., exposing a patient to an offending substance to reduce his or her sensitivity to the substance

89
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen

90
Q

IPPB

A

intermittent positive pressure breathing, used as treatment with ventilation

91
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

gasping, labored breathing, also called air hunger

92
Q

laryngectomy

A

excision of the larynx

93
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the interior larynx with an instrument called larynoscope

94
Q

lavage of sinuses

A

the irrigation or washing out of sinuses

95
Q

lobectomy

A

excision of a lobe of the lung

96
Q

Mantoux (test)

A

TB skin test

97
Q

O2 (oxygen)

A

constitutes about 20% of atmospheric air; inhaled and carried in the blood

98
Q

orthopnea

A

difficult breathing, except in the upright position

99
Q

oximetry

A

measurement of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood

100
Q

palpation

A

application of hands and fingers to external surfaces to detect abnormalities

101
Q

parenchyma (lung)

A

the essential elements or “working parts” of an organ e.g., alveoli in the lung

102
Q

peak expiratory flow rate

A

measurement of how fast a person can exhale using a small handheld device to monitor treatment in asthma or COPD

103
Q

percussion and auscultation (P & A)

A

striking the body (e.g., chest) with short, sharp blows of the fingers, and listening through a stethoscope for the sounds produced. technique used by practitioners

104
Q

perfusion

A

the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a specific organ to supply nutrients and oxygen

105
Q

pneumothorax

A

air or gas in the pleural space; from trauma or from deliberate introduction; may be spontaneous

106
Q

postural drainage

A

drainage by placing the patient’s head downward so that the trachea will be inclined below the affected area and the secretions mobilized

107
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivative (TB test)

108
Q

productive cough

A

cough with spitting of material from the bronchi

109
Q

pulmonary function

A

tests to assess ventilatory status

110
Q

rales, rhonci

A

an abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, indicating some pathologic condition

111
Q

rarefaction

A

condition of being less dense, e.g., decreased density in x-ray films

112
Q

residual air

A

air remaining or left behind after expiration

113
Q

respirator (ventilator)

A

a device for giving artificial respiration or to assist in pulmonary ventilation

114
Q

rhinoplasty

A

plastic surgery of the nose

115
Q

scan (lung, pleura)

A

an image or a “picture” produced using radioactive isotopes, e.g., B-mode ultrasonography

116
Q

SMR

A

submucous resection, excision of a portion of the submucous membrane of the nose to correct a defect

117
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

118
Q

spirometer (spirometry)

A

an instrument for measuring air taken into and expelled from the lungs; spirometry is the measurement of lung capacity

119
Q

sputum

A

matter ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through the mouth

120
Q

tachypena

A

very rapid respiration

121
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture of the chest wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid

122
Q

tine test

A

TB test

123
Q

tracheostomy

A

incision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck

124
Q

ventilator

A

an apparatus to assist in pulmonary ventilation; see also respirator

125
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after deep inspiration (pulmonary function test)

126
Q

wheeze

A

breathing with a raspy or whistling sound. common symptom of asthma

127
Q

x-ray examination

A

visual record made using x-rays, for diagnostic examination of the chest; may by AP (antereoposterior) or Lat (side) views