Chapter 16 - Genitourinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Bowman’s capsule (renal capsule)
A
cup-shaped end of renal tubule containing the glomerulus
2
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calyx
A
cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules
3
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cortex
A
the outer layer of the kidney
4
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glormerulus
A
collection of coiled intertwined capillaries located in the kidney cortex
5
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kidneys
A
two organs on the posterior abdominal wall that filter the blood, excreting the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine, and regulating body mineral levels
6
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medulla
A
the inner layer of the kidney
7
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nephron
A
the structural and functional unit of the kidney, the parenchyma, numbering about a million and capable of forming urine
8
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renal artery
A
one of two large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to kidneys, adrenals, and ureters
9
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renal pelvis
A
the funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter
10
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renal tubule
A
long, twisted tube leading from glomerulus to collecting tubules
11
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renal vein
A
one of two large veins that carries blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
12
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ureter
A
the tubular structure through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder
13
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urethra
A
the passage through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the body exterior
14
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urinary bladder
A
musculomembranous sac that stores urine, receiving it through the ureters and discharging it through the urethra
15
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urinary meatus
A
opening of the urethra to the exterior
16
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azoturia
A
excess urea (or other nitrogen compounds) in urine
17
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calculus (renal) (pl., calculi)
A
kidney stone(s)
18
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cystitis
A
inflammation of the urinary bladder
19
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dialysis
A
the process of using an artificial kidney to filter waste materials from the body
20
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“floating kidney”
A
a kidney not securely fixed in the usual location because of a birth defect or injury
21
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glomerulonephritis
A
nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli
22
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hydroneophrosis
A
distention of the renal pelvis with urine, caused by obstruction of the ureter
23
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nephrolithiasis
A
a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi (stones)
24
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nephroptosis
A
downward displace of a kidney
25
nephrorrhaphy
suture of the kidney
26
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
27
renal failure
kidney fails to function normally, e.g., in excretion of body waste
28
renal transplant
transferring a kidney surgically from one person to another to replace a diseased structure
29
uremia
the retention of toxic body waste in blood
30
ureterostomy
creation of a new outlet for a ureter through the abdominal wall to the outside
31
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
32
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection of the urinary tract
33
Wilms' tumor
a malignant tumor of the kidney, usually affecting children under age 5
34
albuminuria
abnormal presence of serum albumin (protein) in the urine
35
anuria
no urine produced
36
bladder distention
full urinary bladder
37
blood chemistries
blood tests for kidney function, especially blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
38
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
the urea (in terms of nitrogen) concentration of serum or plasma; an important indicator of renal function
39
catheterization
passage of a catheter (tube) into the bladder to relieve bladder distention or for other purposes
40
Clinitest
popular test for urine glucose or other substances
41
continent
able to control urination (and/or defecation)
42
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract with a cytoscope
43
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
44
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
45
enuresis
uncontrolled urination while sleeping (bed-wetting)
46
frequency (urgency)
desire to urinate at short intervals, but discharging small amounts because of reduced bladder capacity
47
hematuria
the presence of blood in the urine
48
incontinent
inability to control urination (and/or defecation)
49
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
a technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluating the function of the urinary system
50
I & O
intake and output. the amount of fluids (usually) ingested and excreted in a given period of time, measured and charted
51
KUB
abbreviation for kidney, ureter, and bladder
52
micturate
urinate
53
nocturia, mycturia
excessive urination at night
54
oliguria
excreting a small amount of urine
55
pyuria
pus in the urine
56
retrograde pyelgram
a technique in radiology for examining the structures of the collecting system of the kidneys that is especially useful in locating an obstruction in the urinary tract
57
scan (renal)
an image produced after the patient is injected with a radioactive substance. it determines kidney shape and function
58
testape
special paper that changes color with dipped in urine
59
ultrasonography
imagining body structures but recording the echoes of high-frequency sound waves reflected by body tissues on a paper or other device
60
urinalysis (UA)
analysis of the urine, e.g., acidity, sugar level
61
urinary retention
inability to urinate for various reasons. body retains urine waste
62
vescio-
a combining form meaning "pertaining to the bladder"
63
void
to empty the bladder, urinate
64
Cowper's glands
pea-sized glands that secrete lubricating fluid during intercourse. also called bulbourethral glands
65
glans penis
tip of the penis
66
penis
the organ of copulation
67
perineum
area between the scrotum and anus
68
prepuce
fold of skin covering the glans penis at birth; foreskin
69
prostate gland
gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and urethra; contributes secretions that enhance sperm motility and neutralizes acid vaginal secretions
70
scrottum
two-compartment sac outside the body that houses the testes
71
testis (pl., testes)
one of the pair of male gonads that produce semen
72
epididymis
a duct bordering the testes for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa
73
vas deferens
extension of the epididymis that joins the seminal vesicle form the ejaculatory duct
74
seminal duct
the passages for conveyance of spermatozoa and semen
75
ejaculatory duct vesicle
the duct formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle
76
urethra
opening for sperm and urine passage to the outside of the body
77
accessory glands
their secretions mix with sperm to form seminal fluid
78
external genitalia
scrotum and penis
79
Barholin's glands
small mucus-secreting glands located near the vagina
80
clitoris
erectile tissue junction of labia majora and labia minora; equivalent to male penis
81
hymen
thin elastic connective tissue covering the vaginal opening
82
cervix
necklike section at lower end of uterus
83
fallopian tubes (oviducts)
ducts in which fertilization occurs and passageway for ova to the uterus
84
ovary
the female gonad: either of the paired female sex glands in which ova are formed and released, and which produce the female hormones
85
urterus
cavity opening into the vagina below and into a fallopian tube on either side; organ for nourishing the fetus
86
vagina
birth canal and receptacle for copulation
87
labia majora
two outer folds of skin on either side of the vaginal orifice
88
labia minora
two thin folds of skin within the folds of the labia majora
89
mammary glands
female breasts; considered accessory glands to the FRS, they are necessary for breast-feeding of the infant (lactation)
90
mons pubis
mound of fatty tissue over the pubis
91
perineum
area between vaginal orifice and anus
92
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
enlargement of the prostate gland, common among men by the age of 50
93
circumcision
removing foreskin, or prepuce
94
cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
95
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis; from venereal disease
96
hydrocele
fluid collected in the testes
97
orchiectomy
castration
98
orchiopexy
fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum
99
orchitis
inflammation of a testis
100
prostatectomy
excision of all or part of the prostate
101
varicocele
varicose veins near the testes
102
vasectomy
male sterilization by cutting or tying the vas deferens
103
abortion (AB)
expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable
104
Bartholin's cyst or abscess
chronic or acute inflammation of Bartholin's gland
105
colporrhaphy
suture of the vagina; to correct cystocele and rectocele
106
colposcopy
examination of the cervix by means of colposcope
107
cystocele
hernia of the bladder into the vagina
108
dilatation and curettage (D&C)
dilating the uterine cervix and using a curette to scrape the endometrium of the uterus; to diagnose disease, to correct vaginal bleeding, or to produce abortion
109
endometriosis
cells of the lining of the uterus spreading into the pelvis (peritoneal cavity)
110
fibroids
colloquial term for benign tumor (leiomyoma) of the uterus
111
fistula
an abnormal passage between two internal organ, e.g., vesicovaginal (between bladder and vagina) fistula
112
hydrosalpinx
fluid collecting in the uterine tube, causing distention
113
hysterectomy
excision of the uterus
114
hyserosalpingogram
an x-ray film of the uterus and the fallopian tubes to allow visualization of the cavity of the uterus and the passageway of the tubes
115
laparoscopy
laparoscopic visualization of the peritoneal cavity
116
leukorrhea
a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina
117
miscarriage
spontaneous abortion
118
monilia (moniliasis)
yeastlike fungus infection of the vagina and other body parts
119
oophorectomy
excisions of one or both ovaries; female castration
120
pelvic examination
a diagnostic procedure in which the external and internal genitalia are physically examined using inspection, palpation, etc.
121
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
any inflammatory condition of the female pelvic organs, especially one caused by bacterial infection
122
prolapse of uterus
downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
123
salpingectomy
excision of one or both fallopian tubes
124
salpingitis
inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes
125
trichomonas infection
inflammation of the vagina by a parasite, with itching and foul discharge
126
tubal ligation
sterilization by "tying" both fallopian tubes
127
vaginal speculum
an instrument used to dilate the vagina during a pelvic examination
128
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's immune system by invading the helper T-cels (T-lymphocytes). HIV replicates itself in the T-cell, destroying the cell, and then invades other T-cels
129
chlamydia
a widespread sexually transmitted bacterial infection that invades the urethra of men and the vagina and cervix of women. the disease is asymptomatic in the early stages, which makes possible the spread of chlamydia as the partners are unaware that they have it
130
gonorrhea
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital tract, affecting both male and female, caused by gonococci (berry-shaped) bacteria. gonorrhea is spread by intercourse with an infected partner, or passed from an infected mother to her infant during birth
131
genital herpes
a highly contagious veneral disease caused by the type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), although it may be caused by HSV-1, the virus associated with oral infections (cold sores). genital herpes is transmitted by direct contact with infected body secretion. remissions and relapses occur and no drug is known to be effective as a cure
132
genital warts
small, fleshy growths on the external genitalia. genital warts are transmitted from person to person through sexual intercourse. they are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) and appear from 1 to 6 months after the initial contact
133
syphilis
a chronic, infectious disease caused by spirochete bacteria, and transmitted by sexual intercourse with an infected partner. this is a highly infectious disease that can affect any body organ. a chancre (hard ulcer) appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after exposure. it usually develops on the penis of the male and the labia of the female
134
amniocentesis
taking a sample amniotic fluid during pregnancy for various reasons
135
amnion (BOW)
amniotic sac; bag of waters
136
anesthesia (OB)
loss of feeling or sensation, especially the loss of pain sensation induced to permit the performance of surgery or other painful procedures
137
antepartum
period from conception to onset of labor
138
Apgar
the evaluation of an infant's physical condition, usually performed 1 and 5 min after birth, based on a rating of five factors that reflect the infant's ability to adjust to extrauterine life
139
bloody show
appearance of blood forerunning labor
140
casesarean (C-section)
a surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised and a baby is delivered
141
cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
a condition in which the fetal head is too large for the mother's pelvis
142
Coombs' test
a blood test to diagnose hemolytic anemias in a new born
143
dystocia
abnormal labor or childbirth
144
extopic pregnancy (extrauterine)
pregnancy outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
145
EDC
expected date of confinement (due date)
146
episiotomy
surgical incision into the perineum and/or vagina for obstetric purposes
147
fetal heart tones (FHT, fht)
the fetal heart sounds heard through the mother's abdomen in pregnancy
148
forceps devliery
applying forceps to fetal head; low or midforceps delivery according to the degree of engagement of the fetal head and high when engagement has not occured
149
gestation
period from conception to birth
150
gravida
a pregnant woman; gravid means "pregnant"
151
ICN
intensive care nursery
152
induction
labor is initiated artifically, e.g., by a drug
153
insemination
the depositing of seminal fluid within the vagina or cervix
154
intrapartum
period from onset of labor through first hour after delivery
155
LMP
last menstural period (due date)
156
lochia
a vaginal discharge during the first week or two after childbirth
157
meconium
dark green mucilaginous material in the intestine of the full-term fetus, expelled as first stool
158
multigravida
a woman who has had more than one pregnancy
159
multipara
a woman who has borne more than one viable infant
160
neonatal period
the first 4 weeks after birth
161
obstetrical index (OB index_
the number of pregnancies, term deliveries, abortions, and stillbirths a woman has experienced
162
pelvimeter (pelvimetry)
an instrument used to measure the capacity and diameter of the pelvis for delivery
163
placenta
organ for exchange of nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus; called afterbirth
164
postpartum
6-week period following childbirth
165
prenatal
before birth
166
presentation
the position of a baby in utero with reference to the part of the baby that is directed toward or into the birth canal
167
primipara
a woman bearing her first viable child
168
stillborn (sb)
born dead
169
test-tube baby
the fertilization of an ovum outside of the uterus
170
toxemia
a group of pataologic conditions, essentially metabolic disturbances, occuring in pregnant women, manifested by hypertension, edema, etc. may be preeclampsia or eclampsia
171
trimester
a period of 12 weeks
172
vernix caseosa
a "cheesy" white substance on the skin of the newborn
