Flashcards in Chapter 15 Deck (85):
1
What is a drug?
Any chemical substance that produces a biologic response in a living system
2
Drug are
Chemical substances that are NOT required for normal maintenance of body function.
Aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease
3
After a drug has been administered it is called
Medication
4
Pharmacology
The science concerned with the origin, nature, effects and uses of drugs.
The study of drug actions and drug interactions with living organisms.
5
Classified system of drug names
Chemical Name
Generic Name
Trade Name
6
Chemical Name
Identifies the actual chemical structure of the drug
Often complex
Not important to the technologist
7
Generic name
Name given to the drug before its official approval for use
One generic name for each drug
Simpler name
Derived from chemical name
Never capitalized
Usually best known by
8
Brand Name
Name given to a drug manufactured by a specific company
Short & easy to remember
Name may or may not reflect chemical structure of the drug
9
Trademark is
Brand name, trade name or proprietary name
10
Chemical sample
2-diphenylmethoxy-N,N-dimethyle-thylamine
11
Generic Sample
Diphenhydramine
12
Brand sample
Benadryl
13
Classification -Drug Action
Function
Drug families
Similar chemical actions are group
Analgesics
Antiinflammatories
Not totally reliable
One drug may have several different physiologic effects on the body
14
Drug Forms
The manner in which the chemical agent is transported into the human body
Single drug available in different forms to facilitate delivery and action under a variety of conditions
15
Drug form samples
Tablet
Capsule
Inhalant
Suppository
Solution
Suspension
Transdermal patches
16
4 Routs of drug
Oral
Topical
Sublingual
Parenteral
17
Oral rout
Most common
Patient must be conscious
Absorption time is longer
18
Topical rout
Directly onto skin
Absorbed into bloodstream
Transdermal patch
19
Sublingual rout
Under the tongue and not swallowed
Rapid absorption for immediate onset
20
Parenteral rout
Administered by injection or by a route other than the GI tract
Common routes
21
Relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness
Analgesics
22
2 groups of Analgesics
Nonnarcotic (nonopioids)
Narcotic (opioids)
23
Nonnarcotic (nonopioids)
Mild to moderate pain
Acetaminophen (Tylenol), Motrin, Advil
24
Narcotic (opioids)
Moderate to severe pain
morphine, oxycodone, demerol
25
Act on the CNS to produce a loss of sensation
Anesthetics
26
2 types of Anesthetics
General anesthetics
Local anesthetics
27
General anesthetics
Produce muscle relaxation and loss of consciousness – surgical procedures
propofol (Diprivan)
28
Local anesthetics
Block nerve conduction from an area of the body to the CNS
29
Antianxiety
Used in the treatment of anxiety
Act on the CNS to calm or relax the anxious patient
diazepam (Valium); lorazepam (Ativan)
30
Anticoagulants
Inhibit clotting of the blood or increase the coagulation time
Use primarily to prevent or treat thromboembolic disorders
Heparin (IV)
Coumadin (Oral)
31
Interventional procedures
Monitor closely for hemorrhage
32
Used to treat Type 2 diabetes
metformin (Glucophage)
IVP exam
Antidiabetic
33
Prevents and treats nausea & vomiting
Before onset of symptoms
prochlorperazine (Compazine)
ondansetromn (Zofran)
Antiemetic
34
Treat allergic disorders; upper respiratory tract infections & the common cold
Antihistamine
35
2 groups of Antihistamine
Sedating antihistamines
Nonsedating antihistamines
36
Sedating antihistamines
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
37
Nonsedating antihistamines
loratadine (Claritin)
38
Increase the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys
CHF patients
furosemide (Lasix)
Diuretic
39
Causes blood vessels to constrict
Increasing heart action & BP
norephinephrine (Levophed)
Vasoconstrictor
40
Causes blood vessels to dilate
nitroglycerin
Vasodilator
41
Contrast Media
30% of all imaging examinations involve the use of contrast media in order to visualize a body part or system
42
Contrast media is classified as
Drug
43
Contrast media is absorbed
Into the systemic circulation and may produce a physiologic response
44
3 Routes of administration
IV or intravenous
Oral
Rectal
45
IV contrast administered in a large dose over several minutes
Bolus (use w/CT scan
46
IV contrast administered over an extended period of time
Infusion
47
When an anatomical area is filled or outlined by a Positive contrast media, the area will appear white on the image
All positive contrast media except barium contain iodine
Radiopaque
48
Negative contrast media making the area appear darker on the image
Air or gas
Radiolucent
49
What is the most common type of contrast used to image the GI system
Barium
50
Barium
Does not dissolve; remains suspended in solution
Barium(56) and iodine(53) both contain high atomic numbers
51
Chemical structure is
different for ionic & nonionic contrast
Differs in the number of particles in solution; not the number of iodine compounds
52
The iodine provides
the contrast or density difference between an organ and its surrounding tissue
53
Weight of the ion
Can cause side effects for patients
Osmolality
54
Ionic contrast have a higher
osmolality (hyperosmotic to body fluids)
55
Nonionic contrast has
an osmolality closer to human plasma
Less likely to cause reactions
56
Adverse reactions
Range from mild to severe
57
Vasovagal response
Reaction to the procedure and not the contrast agent; high anxiety
58
Most reactions to IV contrast media occur within
the first five (5) minutes after administration
A delayed reaction is also possible
59
Five rights of drug administration
(Golden rules of drug administration)
Right drug
Right amount
Right patient
Right time
Right route
60
Equipment for Venipuncture
Needle
Tourniquet
Alcohol wipes or antiseptic solution
Tape or tegaderm
Gauze
Contrast
Syringe
Bandaid
61
Plastic syringe
Tip – needle attaches
Barrel – body of syringe
Plunger –part that fits into the barrel
Vary in size: 1 – 50 mL size capacity
62
Luer-Lok syringes
Locking device on the tip to hold needle firmly in place
63
Needle
Stainless steel
64
3 Components of needle
Hub
Cannula or shaft
Bevel
65
Part that attaches to the syringe
Hub
66
Length of metal part
Cannula or shaft
67
Sharp slanted tip of the needle
Bevel
68
Gauge
(viscosity of fluid determine size)
Thickness or diameter of the needle
14 to 28
69
Length (area for injection/condition of patient determine)
Measurement in inches of the shaft portion
½ to 4 ½ inches
70
The smaller the diameter of the shaft of the needle
the larger the gauge number will be.
25 gauge needle has a very small diameter
18 gauge needle has a large diameter
71
Which gauge is often used to draw a drug or solution into a syringe but seldom used to inject into the patient
18 gauge
72
Package labeled 20g/1 ½ indicates that
the needle is 20 gauge and 1 ½ inches long (length)
73
Bevel Varies from
long to short
74
subcutaneous & intramuscular injections
Long bevel
75
intravenous injections
Short bevel
76
Bevel always
up
77
Sealed glass container designed to hold a single dose
Intended for one use
Ampule Container
78
Small glass bottle with a sealed rubber cap and metal band; plastic cap
Different sizes; multiple doses within one
Vial container
79
Opening an Ambule
Hold upright and flick top with a finger until all the drug is in the bottom of the ambule
Gauze is wrapped around the indented neck and the top is snapped off
Discard any unused contrast
80
Opening A Vial
Remove plastic cap from top of vial
Determine amount to be withdrawn and draw up same amount of air into syringe
Attach needle to syringe
81
Insert needle into vial and inject air
Fluid will replace air in syringe
Place tip of needle above level of fluid before injection of air to prevent air bubbles in the solution
82
Vein Selection
Carefully assess area to determine best location for venipuncture
83
Things to consider for Vein Selection
Type of contrast
Length of procedure
Bolus or infusion
Age and physical condition of patient
Medical history
84
Never use .........for Vein Selection
the anterior wrist
Extreme pain and damage may result to radial nerve
85