Chapter 18: Endocrine System: Pathology and Clinical Tests

Question 1

hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis

Question 2

Graves disease

Answer 2

Most common type of hyperthyroidism

Question 3

exophthalmos

Answer 3

Protrusion of the eyeballs; proptosis

Question 4

hypothyroidism

Answer 4

Underactivity of the thyroid gland

Question 5

myxedema

Answer 5

Advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs and practically no hormone is produced. The skin becomes dry and puffy (edema) because of the collection of mucus-like material under the skin

Question 6

cretinism

Answer 6

Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal growth, so the affected person has the appearance of an obese, short, and stocky child

Question 7

thyroid carcinoma

Answer 7

Cancer of the thyroid gland

Question 8

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 8

Excessive production of parathormone

Question 9

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 9

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone

Question 10

tetany

Answer 10

Constant muscle contraction

Question 11

adrenal virilism

Answer 11

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

Question 12

hirsutism

Answer 12

Excessive hair on the face and body

Question 13

Cushing syndrome

Answer 13

Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 14

Addison disease

Answer 14

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex

Question 15

pheochromocytoma

Answer 15

Benign tumor or the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky colour

Question 16

hyperinsulinism

Answer 16

Excessive secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia

Question 17

diabetes mellitus

DM

Answer 17

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

Question 18

ketoacidosis

Answer 18

Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body

Question 19

insulin shock

Answer 19

Severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased food intake, or excessive exercise

Question 20

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 20

Destruction of retinal blood vessels

Question 21

diabetic nephropathy

Answer 21

Destruction of the kidneys

Question 22

diabetic neuropathy

Answer 22

Destruction of nerves involving pain or loss of sensation

Question 23

gastroparesis

Answer 23

Loss of gastric motility

Question 24

gestational diabetes

Answer 24

Can occur in pregnant women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. After delivery, blood glucose usually returns to normal

Question 25

acromegaly

Answer 25

Hypersection of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities

Question 26

gigantism

Answer 26

Hypersection of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Question 27

dwarfism

Answer 27

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

Question 28

panhypopituitarism

Answer 28

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Question 29

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

Answer 29

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Question 30

diabetes insipidus | DI

Answer 30

Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 31

fasting blood sugar | fasting plasma glucose

Answer 31

Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

Question 32

prediabetes

Answer 32

Blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes

Question 33

glucose tolerance test

Answer 33

Oral test used to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes

Question 34

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test

Answer 34

Performed by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached, monitors long-term glucose control

Question 35

serum and urine tests

Answer 35

Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Question 36

glucometer

Answer 36

Tests blood glucose levels

Question 37

urinary microalbumin assay

Answer 37

Urine test to detect amount of albumin in urine as a marker or harbinger of diabetic nephropathy

Question 38

thyroid function tests

Answer 38

Measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream

Question 39

exophthalmometry

Answer 39

Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer

Question 40

computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer 40

X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor

Question 41

magnetic resonance imaging | MRI

Answer 41

Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Question 42

thyroid scan

Answer 42

Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

Question 43

ultrasound examination

Answer 43

Sound waves show images of endocrine organs