Chapter 5: Digestive System: Pathology and Pathologic Conditions

Question 1

anorexia

Answer 1

Lack of appetite

Question 2

ascites

Answer 2

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Question 3

borborygmus
(singular)

borborygmi
(plural)

Answer 3

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 4

contstipation

Answer 4

Difficulty in passing stool (feces)

Question 5

diarrhea

Answer 5

Frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Question 6

dysphagia

Answer 6

Difficulty in swallowing

Question 7

eructation

Answer 7

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Question 8

flatus

Answer 8

Gas expelled through the anus

Question 9

hemotochezia

Answer 9

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

Question 10

jaundice (icterus)

Answer 10

Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

Question 11

hemolysis

Answer 11

Excessive destruction of erythrocytes

Question 12

melena

Answer 12

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Question 13

nausea

Answer 13

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

Question 14

steatorrhea

Answer 14

Fat in the feces

Question 15

aphthous stomatitis

Answer 15

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

Question 16

dental caries

Answer 16

Tooth decay

Question 17

herpetic stomatitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

Question 18

oral leukoplakia

Answer 18

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

Question 19

periodontal disease

Answer 19

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

Question 20

achalasia

Answer 20

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

Question 21

esophageal cancer

Answer 21

Malignant tumor of the esophagus

Question 22

esophageal varices

Answer 22

Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Question 23

gastric cancer

Answer 23

Malignant tumor of the stomach

Question 24

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GERD

Answer 24

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Question 25

reflux esophagitis

Answer 25

Chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin

Question 26

hernia

Answer 26

Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

Question 27

peptic ulcer

Answer 27

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Question 28

hiatal hernia

Answer 28

Upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

Question 29

inguinal hernia

Answer 29

A small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue

Question 30

anal fistula

Answer 30

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Question 31

colonic polyps

Answer 31

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Question 32

colorectal cancer

Answer 32

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Question 33

Crohn disease

Answer 33

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Question 34

diverticulosis

Answer 34

Abdominal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

Question 35

dysentry

Answer 35

Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

Question 36

hemorrhoids

Answer 36

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

Question 37

ileus

Answer 37

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Question 38

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 38

Inflammation of the colon and small intestine

Question 39

intussesception

Answer 39

Telescoping of the intestines

Question 40

irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 40

Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in the intestines

Question 41

ulcerative colitis

Answer 41

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Question 42

volvulus

Answer 42

Twisting of the intestine on itself

Question 43

cholelithiasis

Answer 43

Gallstones in the gallbladder

Question 44

calculi

Answer 44

Gallstones

Question 45

biliary colic

Answer 45

Pain from blocked ducts

Question 46

cholecystitis

Answer 46

Inflammation and infection of the gallbladder

Question 47

cirrhosis

Answer 47

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Question 48

hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 48

Liver cancer

Question 49

pancreatic cancer

Answer 49

Malignant tumor of the pancreas

Question 50

pancreatitis

Answer 50

Inflammation of the pancreas

Question 51

viral hepatitis

Answer 51

Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus