Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System: Pathology and Laboratory Tests Flashcards by Jenn Dobrotinic

arrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias).

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bradycardia and heart block

atrioventricular block

Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).

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flutter

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

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fibrillation

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart

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congential heart disease

Abnormalities in the heart at birth

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coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta

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patent ductus arteriosus

Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.

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septal defects

Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects).

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tetralogy of Fallot

Congenital malformation involving four (4) distinct heart defects.

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congestive heart failure

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.

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coronary artery disease

Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.

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endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

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hypertensive heart disease

High blood pressure affecting the heart.

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mitral valve prolapse

Improper closure of the mitral valve.

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murmur

Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats.

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pericarditis

Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart.

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rheumatic heart disease

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.

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aneurysm

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.

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deep vein thrombosis

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb.

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hypertension

High blood pressure

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peripheral arterial disease

Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs.

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Raynaud’s disease

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes.

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varicose veins

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.

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acute coronary syndroms

Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries.

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angina (pectoris)

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with exertion. Unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.

angiotensin-converting enzume inhibitor

Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.

auscultation

Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.

beta blocker

Drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart.

biventricular pacemaker

Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.

bruit

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.

calcium channel blocker

Drug used to treat angina and hypertension. It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.

cardiac arrest

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death.

cardiac tamponade

Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.

claudication

Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.

digoxin

Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat.

embolus (singular) emboli (plural)

Clot or other substance that ravels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.

infarction

Area of dead tissue

nitrates

Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue.

nitroglycerin

Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina.

occlusion

Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.

palpitations

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias.

patent

Open

pericardial friction rub

Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart.

petechiae

Small pinpoint hemorrhages.

statins

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.

thrill

Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery).

vegetations

Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microrganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves.

BNP test

Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.

cardiac biomarkers

Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.

lipid tests (lipid profile)

Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.

lipoprotein electrophoresis

Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample.

angiography

X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.

computed tomography angiography

3D x-ray images of heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography.

digital subtraction angiography

Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.

electron beam computed tomography

Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.

Doppler ultrasound studies

Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.

echocardiography (ECHO)

Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

Technetium TC 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.

thallium 201 scan

Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle.

cardiac MRI

Images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field.

cardiac catheterization

Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery.

electrocardiography

Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

Holter monitoring

An ECG device is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

stress test

Exercise tolerance test determines the heart's response to physical exertion.

catheter ablation

Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias.

coronary artery bypass grafting

Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages.

defibrillation

Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation).

endarterectomy

Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.

extracorporeal circulation

Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired.

heart transplantation

Donor heart is transferred to a recipient.

percutaneous coronary intervention

Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.

thrombolytic therapy

Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis.

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.