Chapter 5: Digestive System: Pronunciation of Terms Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
absorption
A
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
2
Q
achlorhydria
A
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice
3
Q
amino acids
A
The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis.
They are formed when large protein molecules are digested.
4
Q
amylase
A
The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance
5
Q
anastomosis
A
An opening between two tubular organs
6
Q
anus
A
The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
7
Q
appendectomy
A
Removal or excision of the appendix
8
Q
appendicitis
A
Inflammation of the appendix
9
Q
appendix
A
Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen
10
Q
bile
A
Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Helps digest fats
11
Q
biliary
A
Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts
12
Q
bilirubin
A
A yellow-orange pigment found in bile
13
Q
bowel
A
Intestine
14
Q
buccal mucosa
A
Mucous membrane lining the cheek
15
Q
canine teeth
A
Four point dog-like teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw
16
Q
cecal
A
Pertaining to the cecum which is the first part of the large intestine
17
Q
cecum
A
First part of the large intestine
18
Q
celiac
A
Pertaining to the abdoment
19
Q
cheilitis
A
Inflammation of the lip
20
Q
cholecystectomy
A
Excision or removal of the gallbladder
21
Q
choledocholithiasis
A
Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct
22
Q
choledochojejunostomy
A
Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
23
Q
choledochotomy
A
Incision of the common bile duct
24
Q
cholelithiasis
A
Abnormal condition of forming gallstones
25
colon
Large intestine
26
colonic
Pertaining to the colon
27
colonoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the colon
28
colostomy
New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
29
common bile duct
Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
30
defecation
Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum
31
deglutition
swallowing
32
dentibuccal
Pertaining to the cheek and teeth
33
dentin
The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
34
digestion
The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
35
duodenal
Pertaining to the duodenum
36
duodenum
The first part of the small intestine
37
dysentery
Painful inflammation of the intestines, usually the colon
38
elimination
Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes
39
emulsification
Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
40
enamel
White, compact and hard substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth
41
endodontist
A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth
42
enterocolitis
Inflammation of the small intestine and colon
43
enterocolostomy
New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis
44
enzyme
Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction
45
esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
46
esophagus
Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
47
fatty acids
Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat
48
facial
Pertaining to the face
49
feces
Solid wastes; stools
50
gallbladder
Small sac lying below the liver in which the bile is stored
51
gastrointestinal tract
The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
52
gastrojejunostomy
New surgical opening between the stomach and jejunum.
The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
53
gastrostomy
New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
54
gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
55
Gluconeogenesis
Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
56
glucose
Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
57
glycogen
Storage form of glucose; it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
58
glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
59
hepatoma
Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma
60
hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
61
hydrochloric acid
Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids in digestion
62
hyperbilirubinemia
High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream; jaundice
63
hyperglycemia
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus
64
hypoglossal
Pertaining to under the tongue
65
ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum
66
ileocecal sphincter
Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum
67
ileostomy
Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall
68
ileum
Third and final portion of the small intestine
69
insulin
Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas.
Facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells
70
jejunum
Second part of the small intestine
71
labial
Pertaining to the lip
72
laparoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions
73
lipase
Enzyme that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum
74
lithogenesis
Formation of stone (calculi)
75
liver
Large, reddish-brown organ in the RUQ of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars
76
lower esophageal sphincter
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
77
mastication
Process of chewing
78
mesentery
Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal body wall
79
oral
Pertaining to the mouth
80
orthodontist
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth
81
palate
Roof of the mouth
82
palatopharyngoplasty
A procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose
83
palatoplasty
Surgical repair of the palate
84
pancreas
Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
85
pancreatitis
Inflammation the pancreas
86
papillae
Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
87
parenteral
Pertaining to by some route other than through gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
88
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
89
perianal
Pertaining to surrounding the anus
90
periodontist
Dentist specializing in treating the gums
91
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
92
peristalsis
Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
93
pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx or throat
94
pharynx
Throat; common passageway for food from the mouth
95
portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
96
postprandial
After meals
97
proctologist
Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum
98
protease
Enzyme that digests protein
99
pulp
Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
100
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
101
pyloroplasty
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
102
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
103
rectocele
Hernia of the wall of the rectum
104
rectum
Final section of the colon
105
rugae
Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth
106
saliva
Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands
107
salivary glands
Three (3) pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth: parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands
108
sialadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
109
sialolith
Salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct
110
sigmoid colon
Distal, lower end of the colon
111
sigmoidoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
112
sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice
113
steatorrhea
Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat
114
stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
115
sublingual
Pertaining to under the tongue
116
submandibular
Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
117
triglycerides
Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells
118
uvula
Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth
119
uvulectomy
Removal of the uvula
120
villi
Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids
121
achalasia
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs
122
anal fistula
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
123
anorexia
Lack of appetite
124
aphthous stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores
125
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
126
borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
127
cholelithiasis
Abnormal condition of gallstones
128
cirrhosis
Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
129
colonic polyposis
Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
130
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
131
constipation
Difficulty in passing feces
132
Chron disease
Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss
133
dental caries
Tooth decary
134
diarrhea
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
135
diverticula
Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
136
diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula
137
diverticulosis
Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation
138
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
139
eructation
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
140
esophageal varices
Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
141
etiology
Study of the cause of disease
142
flatus
Gas expelled through the anus
143
gastric carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the stomach
144
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of movement
145
hematochezia
Passage of bright red blood from the rectum
146
hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
147
herpetic stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters
148
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
149
icterus
Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
150
idiopathic
Pertaining to unknown cause of disease
151
ileus
Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines
152
inflammatory bowel disease
Severe inflammation of the small and large intestines
153
inguinal hernia
A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
154
intussusception
One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoinining part; telescoping of the intestines
155
irritable bowel syndrome
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension
156
jaundice
Yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood
157
melena
Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
158
nausea
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
159
odynophagia
Painful swallowing
160
oral leukoplakia
White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth
161
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
162
periodontal disease
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
163
peptic ulcer
Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum
164
ulcerative colitis
Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers
165
viral hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
166
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine upon itself
