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Biology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the units of structure and function of living things?

A

cells

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2
Q

Who was the first scientist to observe cells in cork though a microscope?

A

Robert Hook

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3
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

cytology

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4
Q

What states that living things are composed of living unites called cells and of cells products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells?

A

cell theory

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5
Q

What does the size of an organism depend primarily on?

A

the number of cells

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6
Q

What is an amorphorous gel or slime thought to be simple bags of an amorphous gel or slime?

A

protoplasm

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7
Q

What are the four main elements that God designed the cell to be primarily composed of?

A

oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon

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8
Q

What are organisms where cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles?

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

What are organisms where cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles?

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

What is the center boundary layer that separates that cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell?

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

What consists of the many molecules and organelles that the cells contains and the fluid medium around them?

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is a spherical body that contains the genetic material of the cell and serves as the cell’s master control center?

A

nucleus

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13
Q

What are special lipid molecules that compose the cell membrane that maintain the flexibility of the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids

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14
Q

What is a network of flexible reinforcement fibers that lies beneath the phospholipid bilayer?

A

membrane skeleton

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15
Q

What is a strong, chitin-like protein that makes up the fibers of the membrane skeleton?

A

spectrin

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16
Q

What are membrane proteins that allow the cell to pump atoms into or out of the cell in order to preserve the right ion balance?

A

ion pumps

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17
Q

What are proteins that reinforce the cell about the outside environment?

A

receptors

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18
Q

What are molecules that serve as identification tags that allow other cells to recognize the cell’s identity?

A

molecular tags

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19
Q

What is a rigid, box-like structure outside the cell membrane that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton?

A

cell wall

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20
Q

What is the jelly-like fluid medium of the cell?

A

cytosol

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21
Q

What are the diverse “little organs” of the cell, each enclosed within its own membrane?

A

organelles

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22
Q

Where do most of the activities of life occur within the cell?

A

the cytosol and the organelles

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23
Q

What makes the cell wall stiffer by linking the cellulose threads together more sternly?

A

lignin

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24
Q

What are large protein catalysts that perform various chemical reactions?

A

enzymes

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25
What is the intricate internal skeleton of a cell that helps it maintain its shape?
cytoskeleton
26
What is the working area of a cell?
cytoplasm
27
What are hollow, rod-like filaments composed of a protein called tubulin that make up the cytoskeleton of a cell?
microtubules
28
What is a cell's control center?
nucleus
29
What is the cell's power plants?
mitochondria
30
What are the cell's factories?
ribosomes
31
What are the microtubule-organizing center located near the nucleus of a cell?
centrosomes
32
What is a pair of cylindrical structures made of tubulin?
centricles
33
What contains many parts that allow molecules to pass through?
center membrane
34
What are contains many parts but is very specific on what it allows to pass through?
inner membrane
35
What is the space at the core of the mitochondria?
matrix
36
What is the space between the center and inner membranes?
intermembrane
37
What is the most important molecular machine in a mitochondrion that are embedded in the mitochondrion's inner membrane?
ATP syntheses
38
What are the "protein factories" that manufacture proteins in a cell?
ribosomes
39
What are some of the most important molecules in a cell?
protein
40
What is the membrane network that is interconnected sacs and tubules that attaches to the nucleus and expands throughout much of the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
41
What is the ER's internal cavity?
ER lumen
42
What is the ER near the nucleus of a cell called?
rough ER
43
What is the ER far away from the nucleus called?
smooth ER
44
Where are proteins that have been processes in the rough ER transported to?
Golgi apparatus
45
What is a container attached to a nearby microtubes where proteins going to the same destination are located?
vesicle
46
What is a special type of vesicle that functions as a recycling center?
lysosome
47
What is the structure in a cell that stores food materials, fluid substances, and minerals?
vacuole
48
What is the "control center" of the cell that is also one of the largest and most important cell part?
nucleus
49
What is the master program that controls the life of the cell and determines the physical characteristics of the organism?
DNA
50
What separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell?
nuclear envelope
51
What is the protein complexes in the nucleus that serve as gates regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus?
nuclear pores
52
Where are ribosomes assembled?
nucleolus
53
What is the most pressing task that any living cell must accomplsih?
that of simply staying alive
54
What is a stable internal environment?
homeostasis
55
What is a property related to the concentration of dissolved substance, or solutes, inside of a cell?
osmotic pressure
56
What must the cells of your body constantly do or they will die?
regulate their internal osmotic pressures
57
What is a measurement of the concentration of acids and bases?
pH
58
What is critical for the optimal performance of a cell's enymes?
temperature
59
What must the cell carefully regulate in its cytosol?
the amount of nutrients and wastes in its cytosol
60
What is the primary task of all cells?
to obtain energy
61
What is the process by which nearly all autotrophs transform radiant solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecule?
phosynthesis
62
What is the process by which living cells break down chemical substances, such as glucose, and combine them with oxygen to release energy?
cellular respiration
63
What is cellular respiration also called because this process requires oxygen?
aerobic respiration
64
What is the special phosphorus compound that serves as the energy carrier of the cell and as a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy?
ATP
65
What is the process cells rely on in anaerobic conditions?
fermentation
66
What is the first step of cellular respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm to break a glucose molecule down?
glycolysis
67
What is the movement of a few substances from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration?
simple diffusion
68
What is the movement of cells that cannot pass directly through the cell membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration?
facilitated diffusion
69
What are processes in which the cell does not have to use energy for either simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion to occur?
passive transport
70
What is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from a place of lower concentration to a place of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy?
active transport
71
What is the process of taking in large substnaces?
endocytosis
72
What is the endocytosis process in which the cell surrounds a solid particle with the cell membrane and engulfs it?
phagocytosis
73
What is the process of endocytosis in which the cell membrane allows an amount of liquid to enter the cell?
pinocytosis
74
What is the process by which cellular vesicle products are eliminated from the cytoplasm?
exocytosis
75
What is the life cycle of a cell?
cell cycle
76
What is the stage between cell divisions?
interphase
77
What are the four stages of the cell cycle?
G₁,S, G₂, and M
78
What is each identical DNA molecule called?
chromosome
79
What is a small structure that fastens to chromatids together?
centromere
80
What is the process when the nucleus of a cell divided to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus?
mitosis
81
What does the cytoplasm separate to form two separate cells with their own nuclei, organelles, cell membranes, and cell walls?
cytokins
82
What is the first stage of mitosis where the cell packages its chromosomes, which spread throughout the entire nucleus as chromatin during interphase?
prophase
83
What is the structure to which chromosomes attach during metaphase?
spindle apparatus
84
What stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope that has completely disappeared and the centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell?
metaphase
85
What is the stage of mitosis that begins as the chromatids in each replicated chromosome separates from each other and begins to move apart?
anaphase
86
What is it called when chromosomes are unpacked and the nuclear envelop and nucleolus refroms?
telophase
87
What takes place by the formation of a cell plate during or shortly after telophase?
cytokinesis
88
What become the new cell wall between the two daughter cells?
cell plate
89
What is cell death through trauma?
necrosis
90
What is programmed cell death that occurs once it is no longer needed or no longer able to survive?
apoptosis
91
Where does the cell check whether or not it is ready to continue the cycle?
checkpoints

Biology (25 decks)

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