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Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring through genes?

A

heredity

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2
Q

What are units of genetic information in the chromosomes of the cells?

A

genes

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3
Q

What else can affect genetic traits in an organism?

A

the environment

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4
Q

How is the continuity of life assured?

A

mitosis

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5
Q

What is the process by which a cell divided to form to new daughter cells having identical characteristics and carrying on the same life functions as the parent cell?

A

mitosis

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6
Q

What is God’s plan for the continuity of life from one generation to the next that requires only mitotic cell divisions?

A

asexual reproduction

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7
Q

What is the process in which unspecialized cells become speciallized?

A

differentiation

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8
Q

What is the form of reproduction in which genetic material is contributed by two parents through the union of sperm and egg?

A

sexual reproduction

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9
Q

What is a body cell that has 46 chromosomes?

A

somatic cell

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10
Q

What are the egg and sperm of the parents that contain only 23 chromosomes?

A

gametes

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11
Q

What is a specially designed type of cell division that makes sexual reproduction possible?

A

meiosis

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12
Q

What are the cells in the ovaries of females and the testes of males that undergo meiosis?

A

germ cells

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13
Q

What is a single fertilized egg cell?

A

zygote

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14
Q

What is the sperm cell known as because it contains half of the usual number of chromosomes?

A

haploid set

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15
Q

What is the zygote known as because it contains the complete number of chomosomes?

A

diploid set

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16
Q

What are chromosomes that are similar in size and shape and contain the genetic information for the same functions?

A

homologous

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17
Q

What is an important source of biological variation

A

recombination

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18
Q

What is a brief interphase after which the second meiotic division occurs?

A

interkinesis

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19
Q

What is the exchange of genetic information between paired homologous chromosomes?

A

crossing over

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20
Q

Where are the genes of an organism found?

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

What is another name for meiosis?

A

reduction division

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22
Q

How many stages doe meiosis occur?

A

two

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23
Q

Who is known as the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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24
Q

What is the scientific study of heredity?

A

genetics

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25
What is the first generation of offspring in a genetics experiment?
F₁ generation
26
What is the second generation of offspring in a genetics experiment?
F₂ generation
27
What are any of the different forms of a particular gene?
alleles
28
What is an organism that has two identical alleles for the same gene?
homozygous
29
What are traits that show up in the offspring even if an allele of a different trait is also present?
dominant traits
30
What is the law stating that dominant traits appear in the offspring even if an allele for a different trait is also present?
law of dominance
31
What is the trait that does not show up when the dominant traits allele is present?
recessive trait
32
How are dominant traits represented?
a capital letter
33
How are recessive traits represented?
a lowercase letter
34
What is the actual combination of alleles inherited for a particular trait?
genotype
35
What is the outcome of expression of the genes in the physical appearance of the individual?
phenotype
36
What is the process that causes the difference between your nerve cells and skin cells?
differentiation
37
What is a chart that helps us to visualize all the possible combinations of alleles that could result in the offspring?
Punnett square
38
What is the term used to describe an organism with two difference alleles for a particular trait?
hybrid
39
What is the law that states that alleles for each traits segregate or separate randomly during the formation of gametes?
law of segregation
40
What is the mixing or blending for two traits?
incomplete dominance
41
What describes and organisms that is heterozygous for two traits?
dihybrid
42
What is the law that states that the segregation of one gene does not influence the segregation of another?
law of independent assortment
43
True or false: The law of dominance holds true in every case.
false
44
What is the situation in which genes do not obey the law of independent assortment because they are located close to each other on the same chromosome?
linkage
45
What is the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis?
recombination
46
What is the theory stating that genes are stored on chromosomes?
chromosome theory of inheritance
47
What are homologous pairs of chromosomes that determine an organism's sex?
sex chromosomes
48
What is the female's sex chromosomes that are similar in appearance to each other?
X chromosome
49
What is the male's sex chromosomes that are unlike other chromosomes?
Y chromosomes
50
What refers to the most frequent allele for that gene in the population?
wile type allele
51
What describes traits located on the sex chromosomes?
sex-linked
52
What is the extent to which a certain allele exists in a population?
Allele frequency
53
What means having more fingers or toes that usual?
polydactyly
54
What is a recessive genetic disease causes by a defect that affect the chromosome gametes of lung cell membranes?
cystic fibrosis
55
What is a person who has only one allele for a recessive genetic disease?
carrier
56
What is a form of inheritance in which two alleles for a trait are equally expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual?
codominance
57
What is a form of inheritance in which the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the homozygous phenotype and is a blend of the homozygous phenotypes but is distinct from either?
incomplete dominance
58
What is a genetic disease that causes hemoglobin molecules to clump together, making new blood cells brittle and sickle shaped under certain conditions?
sickle cell anemia
59
What is a condition in which a person is heterozygous for the allele that causes sickle cell anemia?
sickle cell trait
60
What occurs when there are more than two different alleles of a gene for a particular trait?
multiple allele inheritance
61
What is the red-blood-cell antigen group consisting of antigens A and B?
ABO blood group
62
What is a form of inheritance in which a single gene influences several seemingly unrelated traits?
pleiotropy
63
What involves traits controlled by many different traits?
polygenic inheritance
64
What is a blood-clotting disorder caused by recessive abnormal alleles for the clotting mechanisms?
hemophilia
65
What is the condition in which one is unable to distinguish one or more of the primary colors of light?
colorblindness
66
What is an attempt to improve the human race through the control of heredity factors?
eugenics
67
What are charts used by geneticists to study genetic traits in humans and other long-lived organisms?
pedigree chart

Biology (25 decks)

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