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chapter 37 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

make their own food, usually through photosynthesis

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2
Q

what is a heterotroph?

A

absorb energy or consume nutrients from another source

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3
Q

Do plants “eat” minerals they obtain from the soil?

A

No, they absorb minerals to use IN photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

the process that converts sunlight, CO2, and water into food for the organism

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5
Q

Do all autotrophs photosynthesize?

A

No, some are chemoautotrophs (use inorganic compounds in environment)

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6
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

photosynthethic material found in chloroplast, helps trap light energy

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7
Q

What light does photosynthesis use?

A

everything but green

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8
Q

Where does water enter in plants?

A

roots

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9
Q

how does the plant get CO2?

A

through their stomata

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10
Q

when does photosynthesis occur?

A

daytime! when the sun is out

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11
Q

what process occurs in plants at night?

A

respiration, have to conserve starch until they can do photosynthesis again

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12
Q

where do plants obtain most of their water and minerals?

A

upper part of the soil

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13
Q

how does soil benefit from living organisms?

A

living organisms aerates the soil and provides nutrients in their poo

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14
Q

what are the basic physical properties of soil?

A

texture and composition

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15
Q

what are the 3 different soil types?

A

largest=sand, medium=slit, smallest=clay

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16
Q

describe sand

A

better drainage but hard to retain water

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17
Q

describe clay

A

retains water but no aeration

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18
Q

why is air important?

A

animals, plants, and bacteria need to respire

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19
Q

how do rock particles get into soil?

A

mechanical weathering- water freezing in crevices of rock
chemical weathering- weak acid dissolves rock
both- organisms penetrate and grow in rock

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20
Q

what are soil horizons?

A

soil stratified into layers

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21
Q

what is topsoil?

A

consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus

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22
Q

what is loam?

A

the most fertile soil type, equal amounts of sand, clay, and slit

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23
Q

why is topsoil the most important for plant growth?

A

roots dont penetrate farther than topsoil and humus makes the topsoil fertile

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24
Q

what is soil type?

A

refers to the size ratio of the particles in a sample. depends on the parent rock type, climate (affects weathering), and present organisms

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25
what is humus?
formed by decomposes, it is very rich and fertile soil. it improves soil structure and traps water
26
what is the b horizon? (subsoil)
contains much less organic matter than the A horizon and is less weathered
27
what is the c horizon? (parent rock)
composed of mainly partially broken-down rock. some of the rock served as "parent" material for minerals that later helped form the upper horizons
28
what caused the american dust bowl of the 1930s?
combination of drought and inappropriate farming
29
what are aquifers?
they are underground water reserves and are the primary source of irrigation water
30
what is land subsidence?
a gradual settling or sudden sinking of earth's surface
31
what is salinization?
the addition of salts to the soil which makes it an unsuitable environment for plants
32
what is a solution to irrigation?
to use drip irrigation- the slow release of water to soil and plants from perforated plastic tubing placed directly at the root zone. this technique uses less water and reduces salinization
33
how do soils become depleted or nutrients?
irrigation leaches nutrients and crop harvesting takes them away
34
what is fertilization?
the addition of mineral nutrients to the oil
35
what chemical elements are fertilizers enriched with?
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK ratio)
36
what are the pros and cons of inorganic fertilizers?
pros: more and faster crop growth cons: manufacture requires fossil fuels, eutrophication occurs
37
what is eutrophication?
excess nutrients go into bodies of water
38
what are the pros and cons of organic fertilizers?
pros: slow release of nutrients, improves soil texture, increase air spaces cons: slow plant growth, needs to be manually spread out
39
how does pH affect the soil?
affects cation exhange and chemical form of minerals
40
what is the solution to adjusting soil pH?
there's isnt one, its tricky to change soil pH so it's best to plant crops best suited for that pH
41
what is contour tilling?
crops plants in circles, it helps slow water runoff and topsoil erosion
42
what is no-till agriculture?
narrow rows are plowed for seeds and fertilizer so the field is seeded with minimal disturbance to the soil
43
what is phytoremediation?
uses plants to remove contaminates from polluted soil types
44
What are some limitations of phytomediation?
contaminants could still get into water, affects herbivores
45
what are the 6 macronutrients?
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen
46
What are the 8 micronutrients?
zinc chlorine iron manganese boron copper nickel and molybednum
47
what are micronutrients used for?
for coenzymes
48
whats phosphorus used for?
for nucleic acids
49
whats sulfur used for?
makes proteins
50
whats magnesium used for?
chlorophyll
51
whats iron used for?
making different compounds
52
a deficiency in a ______ nutrient will affect older leaves
mobile
53
a deficient of a less mobile nutrient will affect _____ leaves more
younger
54
what is the most common deficiency?
nitrogen deficiencies
55
what does a iron deficiency look like?
younger leaves yellowing
56
what does a nitrogen deficiency look like?
older leaves yellowing
57
what does a deficiency of magnesium look like?
yellowing of the leaves; chlorosis
58
what are smart plants?
plants that inform the grower of a nutrient deficiency before damage has occurred
59
what do living plant roots provide for soil?
secretions from roots support microbes
60
what do dead plant roots provide for soil?
nutrients and energy for microorganisms
61
what are detritivores?
they recycle organic matter
62
what is a rhizosphere?
the layer of soil closely surrounding the plants roots
63
what is rhizobacteria?
free-living bacteria living in the rhizosphere
64
what are endophytes
non-pathogenic bacteria that live between the cells of host plant tissues
65
what do rhizobacteria and endophytes do for the plant?
stimulates plant growth, protects roots from disease, absorbing toxins and increasing nutrient availability
66
why cant plants use atmospheric nitrogen?
the triple bond is too strong for the plant to break
67
what forms of introgen can plants absorb?
nitrate or ammonia
68
what is the nitrogen cycle?
describes the transformation of N2 and N2 compounds in nature
69
what is nitrogen fixation?
reduction of N2 gas by a stepwise addition of 3 pairs of hydrogen atoms
70
what is required for nitrogen fixation?
ATP, strong reducing agents, and nitrogenase
71
what is nitrogenase used for in nitrogen fixation?
to catalyze the reaction
72
How many ammonias are produced in nitrogen fixation?
2
73
How much ATP is needed for nitrogen fixation?
16
74
what are diazatrophs?
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
75
What is the symbiotic bacteria in legume plants? (pea plants)
rhizobium
76
what is the symbiotic bacteria in non-legume plants>
frankia
77
what is crop rotation?
a non-legume is alternated with a legume to restore the concentration of fixed nitrogen in the soil
78
what is mycorrhizae?
mutualistic association of fungi and roots
79
what is the benefit for mycorrhizae fungi?
fungi gets carbs from host plant
80
what is the benefit for host plants in mycorrhizae?
increased surface area for water uptake | growth secretions that promote branching
81
what are the two types of mycorrhizae?
ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular (endo) mycorrhizae
82
what is ectomycorrhizae?
they form a sheath OUTSIDE rootlets and penetrate root cells
83
what is arbuscular mycorrhizae?
hyphae extend into the root but not the plasma membrane, occur in 85% of plants
84
what are 3 adaptations that plants in nutritionally poor environments use other organisms to obtain N2 and nutrients in non-mutualistic ways?
epiphytes, parasitic, carnivorous
85
what are epiphytes?
plants that grow on top of other plants (vanilla)
86
what are parasitic plants?
absorb nutrients from hosts (mistletoe)
87
what are carnivorous plants?
capture small animals/insects
88
what are lobster pots?
can get in but not out
89
what are bladder traps?
exclusive to bladderworts, the prey is sucked in and a trap door closes behind them
90
what is the problem with nitrogenase?
it is very sensitive to oxygen and will deactivate. luckily most nitrogen-fixing bacteria are anaerobes

bio 213 (19 decks)

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