chapter 41 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a saprobe?
A
absorb nutrients from dead organic matter and can’t move
2
Q
what are detritivores?
A
actively feed on dead stuff, bacteria, earthworms, can move
3
Q
what are herbivores?
A
eats plants, cows, pandas
4
Q
what are omnivores?
A
eats both meat and plants, humans
5
Q
what are carnivores?
A
eats meat, wolves
6
Q
what are fluid feeders?
A
feeds on fluid, mosquitoes
7
Q
what are filter feeders?
A
aquatic organisms that filter water, clams mussels, sponges
8
Q
what are opportunists?
A
will feed outside their category is necessary
9
Q
what are the 3 nutritional needs for an adequate diet?
A
chemical energy (producing ATP), organic building blocks, essential nutrients
10
Q
what are essential nutrients?
A
must be obtained as animals can’t make it, used for substrates for enzymes (coenzymes and cofactors for biosynthesis) consist of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
11
Q
how many esstienal amino acids are there?
A
20, 11 synthesized, 9 are esstienal
12
Q
what proteins provide all the esstiential amino acids?
A
animal proteins (eggs, meat,cheese,soy), complete proteins
13
Q
what are incomplete proteins?
A
deficient in one or more amino acids, plant proteins
14
Q
what do vegettarians do to get a balanced diet?
A
mix different food together
15
Q
what are fatty acids?
A
obtained from diet, needed to synthesize cellular compounds, found in seeds grains vegetables, defciencies are rare
16
Q
what are vitamins?
A
organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
17
Q
what are the two groups of vitamins?
A
water soluble and fat soluble
18
Q
what is B1 (thiamine)?
A
pork, legumes, peanuts whole grains
beriberi (tingling, poor coordination, reduced heart function)
19
Q
what is b2 (riboflavin)?
A
dairy products, meat,s enriched grains, vegetables
skin lesions
20
Q
what is b3 (niacin)?
A
nuts, meats, grains
skin and gastrointestinal lesions, delusions, confusion
21
Q
what is b5 (pantothenic acid)?
A
meats, dairy, grains, fruits, veggies
fatigue numbness, tingly
22
Q
what is b6 (pyridoxine)?
A
meats, vegggies, grains
anemia, convulsions, irritability, twitching
23
Q
what is b7 (biotin)?
A
legumes, veggies, meats
scaly skin, neuro-muscular disorders
24
Q
what is b9 (folic acid)?
A
green veeggies, oranges, nuts, legumes, whole grains, anemia BIRTH DEFECTS
25
what is b12 (cobalamin)?
meats, eggs, dairy
| anemia, numbness, loss of balance
26
what is vitamin A (reintol)?
dark green and orange veggies and fruits, dairy
| blindness, skin disorders, impaired immunity
27
what is vitamin D ?
dairy product and egg yolk
| bone deformities in children and bone softening in adults
28
what are minerals?
simple inorganic nutrients
29
what is malnutrition?
failure to obtain adequate nutrition, lacks one or more essential nutrients
30
scurvy is lack of?
vitamin c
31
anemia is lack of?
iron
32
phosphorus deficiency is found in?
herbivores
33
what is pernicious anemia?
inability to absrob b12
34
what is undernutrition?
caused by a diet that fails to provide enough chemical energy, found in eating disorders or disruption of food (drought, war, disaster)
35
what happens when an organism is undernourished?
it uses all of its stored fat and starts breaking down its own proteins
36
why do pregnant take folic acid?
it decreases chance of birth defects
37
what is ingestion?
the act of eating or feeding
38
what are the 4 stage of food processing?
ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
39
what is substrate feeding?
lives on food, caterpillars
40
what is bulk feeding?
animals that ingest large amounts of food, lions, snakes
41
what are incisors used for?
cutting chopping or gnawing
42
what are canines used for?
stabbing, gripping or ripping
43
what are molars used for?
shearing, crushing, or grinding
44
what is digestion?
breaking down food
45
why is SA:V ratio important for digestion?
the smaller the pieces, the easier it is for enzymes to digest it
46
what are gizzards?
birds grinding food with small stones
47
what is chemical digestion?
split food into molecules to pass through membranes
48
what is mechanical digestion?
mouth chewing
49
protease breaks down
amino acids
50
carbohydrase breaks down
carbs
51
peptidase breaks down
peptides
52
lipase breaks down
lipids
53
nuclease breaks down
nucleic acids
54
what is absorption?
uptake of nutrients by body cells
55
what is elimination?
the passage of undigested material out of digestive system
56
what is phagocytosis?
cell engulfs solid food
57
what is pinocytosis?
cell engulfs liquid food
58
why is extracelluar digestion needed?
allows animals to ingest larger pieces of food
59
why is intracellular digestion needed?
so we don't digest our own body
60
what is the gastrovascular cavities?
connected to outside through single opening (poop and eat in same mouth)
61
what is an alimentary canal?
complete tube, mouth and anus
62
what are accessory glands?
secrete juices for digestion, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
63
what is the peristalsis?
wave like contractions of smooth muscles
64
what is the sphincters?
constricted area; regulates movement of food in different compartments (top of stomach to stop acid, bottom of stomach to regulate food)
65
what is the role of teeth?
to make food easier to swallow but grinding
66
what is the purpose of salivary glands?
to initiate chemical digestion and protect the oral cavity
67
what is amylase?
hydrolyze starch and glycogen
68
what is mucus?
made of water, salt, and cells, and glycoproteins
| protects lining and lubes food
69
what are lysozymes?
protects from bacteria
70
the release of saliva is _____
a reflex
71
what is the function of the tongue?
to shape food into a ball
72
what is the trachea?
connects larynx to lungs
73
what is the function of the epiglottis?
to keep food from going into trachea
74
why do we cough?
food goes into the trachea
75
what are peristaltic contractions?
help push food down
76
what is the role of the stomach?
store food, begining digestion of proteins, located below diaphragm
77
what does the stomach secrete and what is produced?
secretes gastric juices, and when mixed with food becomes chyme
78
what are the 2 components of gastric juise?
HCl and pepsin
79
what is the function of HCl?
disrupts cellular matrix of meat and plants
80
what is pepsin (a protease)?
breaks down protein
81
what is the pH of gastric juice?
low pH denatures proteins and kills of bacteria
82
why do we need mucus in our stomach?
protects stomach acid
83
gastric juices are produced by
parietal and chief cells
84
what are chief cells?
secrete inactive pepsinogen
85
what are parietal cells?
pumps hydrogen and chloride ions into stomach
86
what causes gastric ulcers?
caused by bacteria hidden inside stomach folds, not exposed to stomach acid
87
what is heartburn?
chyme up esophagus
88
what happens in the small intestine?
enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food
89
what is the duodenum?
first portion of small intestine, chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and from the small intestine
90
what does the pancreas produce?
bicarbonate (to neutralize the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer
proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) in active forms and then activated in the lumen of the duodenum
91
what is bile?
act as detergents that help digesting and absorption of lipids, made in the liver, and stared in the gallbladder
92
what are detergents?
emulsifies, breaks down fats, keeps things separate so lipase can get to it
93
what does bile have to do with red blood cells?
destroys nonfunctional red blood cells and leaves through the feces
94
what does bile have to do with jaundice?
bile pigments accumulate in the skin in liver+blood disorders which causes yellowing of skin
95
what are villi and microvilli?
small extensions in the small intestines
96
what molecule uses passive transport?
fructose
97
what molecules use active transpiort?
amino acids, peptides, vitamins
98
what is cotransport?
more than 1 molecule gets transported, needs energy
99
what is the purpose of the heptic portal vein?
carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver than heart, allows the liver to regulate nutrient distribution and detoxification
100
where is the cecum and what is its function?
fermentation of plant material
101
what is the role of the appendix?
slight role in immunity
102
what is the function of the rectum?
where feces is stored until they can be eliminated
103
what is the function of role of the colon?
reabsorbs water to go into the kidneys
104
why does diarrhea occur?
less water absorbed then normal
105
why does constipation occur?
too much water gets absorbed, too hard to pass
106
the inner sphincter is ______
involuntary
107
the outer sphincter is ______
voluntary
108
what is coprophagy?
eating of feces for nutrients
109
what is allocoprophagy?
eating eating poop of the same species
110
what is autocoprophagy?
eating your own poop
111
what is dentition?
animal's teeth, structural adaptation
112
why do carnivores need an expandable stomach?
they need to eat as much as possible because they don't know when their next meal will be
113
why do herbivoes/onmivores need a longer digestive system?
because they need to digest plants for a longer time (cell walls)
114
what are fermentation chambers?
mutualisitic bacteria that digest cellulose in specialized stomachs
115
what are ruminants?
cud chewing animals (cow, deer, sheep)
116
how does the endocrine system regulate digestion?
release and transport of hormones
117
what is CCK?
hormone in small intestines that cause gallbladder to release bile
118
what happens in humans when energy-rich molecules are not needed immediately?
it gets stroed in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen fat
119
what is gluconeogensis?
pathway that forms glucose from amino acids in liver
120
what happens if fewer calories than needed are ingested?
body burns through glycogen then muscle then fat
121
what is glucose and why is it important?
its a major energy molecule thats used for carbon skeleton and biosynthesis
122
where does glucose homeotstasis occur?
liver
123
what do the islets of the pancreas do?
alpha cell-make glucagon
| beta cells-make insulin
124
what is diabetes caused by?
deficiency in insulin or lower response in target tissues
125
what is diabetes?
cells cant take up glucose to meet metabolic demands
126
describe type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease that youre born with, destroys B cells. insulin independent.
127
describe type 2 diabetes
caused by overweightness and occurs after 40. insulin dependent
128
what is ghrelin?
hormone that promotes hunger
129
what is insulin and PYY?
hormone that suppress hunger
130
what is leptin?
hormone that regulates body fat
131
talk about purple bread
its digested 20% slower than reg bread
132
whats one method of combating obesity?
taxing unhealthy foods while making healthier food cheaper
133
how did dogs help with the discovery of the diabetes cure?
one had its pancreas taken out
