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chapter 56 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conservation biology?

A

study of nature with the aim of protecting species habitats and ecosystems and to conserve biological diversity at all levels

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2
Q

what are the three components of biodiversity?

A

genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity

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3
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

individual genetic variation within a population and between populations

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4
Q

what is an endangered species?

A

species on the verge of extinction

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5
Q

what is a threatened species?

A

species getting close to being endangered

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6
Q

is it good for a species to be highly adapted?

A

no because when conditions change, their specialization isn’t effective and they’ll die

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7
Q

broader range of diversity is _____

A

better

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8
Q

what is ecosystem diversity?

A

the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

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9
Q

whats up with the flying fox bat?

A

its an important pollenator, many plants NEED it

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10
Q

what is background rate?

A

rate before human involvement, purely environmental

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11
Q

what is current rate?

A

what’s going on now

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12
Q

are we currently going through an extinction period?

A

yes, the 6th great extinction

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13
Q

what is the late ordovician extinction?

A

glaciers formed, sucking water to make glaciers-> oceans were compact and went extinct

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14
Q

what is the late devonian extinction?

A

unknown cause, shallow water creatures affected

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15
Q

what is the permian-triassic extinction?

A

first time insects were affected, many causes, “the great dying”

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16
Q

what is the late triassic extinction?

A

affected terristrial organisms, allowed dinosaurs to be dominant, volcanic eruption caused a dark sky->no plants

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17
Q

what is the cretaceous-tertiary extinction?

A

dinosaurs went extinct, asteroid in mexico

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18
Q

what rate does the rate of extinction look similar to?

A

rate the human population

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19
Q

what is ecosystem services?

A

encompasses all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

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20
Q

what are some examples of ecosystem services?

A

purification of air and water-plats filter feeders
detoxification and decomposition of wastes=bioremediation detritivores
cycling of nutrients=all organisms
moderation of weather extremes

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21
Q

why cant we predict extinctions?

A

we dont know the # of species, hard to confirm if a species is really extinct

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22
Q

what are the 4 major threats to biodiversity?

A
  1. agriculture, urban development, mining, pollution
  2. fishing
  3. competition
  4. climate change
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23
Q

why are specialists and species with small populations more at risk?

A

they need specific prey and when that prey goes extinct so do they

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24
Q

what are introduced species?

A

species that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions, disrupt local ecology

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25
what is the best way to control invasive species?
prevent introduction, hard to control once started, don't fully understand the effects of combatants
26
whats up with black rats?
first invasive species, spread with roman conquest, brings many diseases, creates competition with native species control: rat poison
27
whats up with the brown tree snake?
arrived in guam as a stowaway, caused EXTINCTION of birds and lizards control: aspirin-laced mice
28
whats up with the zebra mussel?
introduced in ballast water, competed with native species, clogged waterways control: liquid fertilizer
29
whats whats up with the asian tiger mosquito?
spread through tires, carries diseases, eggs survive winter | control: insecticides
30
whats up with the burmese python?
escaped breeding facility, feed on endangered species | control: removal by hand (ineffective)
31
whats up with fire ants?
introduced by shipping crates, disrupts local ecology | control: insecticides
32
whats up with kudzu?
brought to slow soil erosion, grows really fast, outcompetes, changes leaf litter and soil composition control: root crown removal, mowing, fire, grazing
33
whats up with mongoose?
brought to control rats, prey on native species (mongoose are diurl while rats are nocturnal) control: traps and poison
34
whats overharvesting?
human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound
35
whos most at risk (r or k species?)
k species because they dont have as many offspring
36
what causes acid rain?
burning of wood and fossil fuels
37
what do forests contribute?
wildlife, recreation, oxygen
38
can extinct species be resurrected?
No, theres no genetic diversity, DNA degrades over time, their habitat is gone they can bring back individuals but not an entire species
39
what is the small population approach?
small populations are especially vulnerable to extinction purely because of their small size
40
what is the declining population approach?
populations with a rapidly declining rate regardless of size
41
what is an extinction vortex?
A downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct.
42
what drives an extinction vortex?
lack of genetic diversity
43
whats up with the northern elephant seal?
were severely hunted -> low genetic variation but not affected -> ideal environment-> escaped extinction
44
what is the minimum viable population? (mvp)
smallest population size that can still survive
45
what does mvp depend on?
food, predators, environment
46
why do we need to know the effective population size?
to know what the breeding potential is, to see how much offspring will be made
47
what is an edge or boundary?
the edge between ecosystems that has its own set of physical conditions that differ on each side
48
whats up with brown -headed cowbirds?
they lay their eggs in another birds nest and because it has a bigger beak, it takes the food that the mom gives them. increase in cowbirds, decrease in other birds
49
what is a movement or wildlife corridor?
a narrow strip of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches
50
what is a biodiversity hot spot?
relatively small area with numerous endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world) and a large number of endangered and threatened species
51
why are biodiversity hot spots hard to identify?
migration
52
biodiversity hot spots can change with ____ _____
climate change
53
are few large reserves or more small ones better?
few large ones because small ones don't hold mvp, large but low-density animals like bears need large spaces, less affected by edge effects
54
what is a zoned reserve?
extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain
55
whats with costa rica's zoned reserves?
reduced costa rica's international debt by preserving land
56
how can ecotourism help?
people can make money off of ecotourism instead of fishing, people are more likely to visit exotic places
57
do zoos help?
theres not enough space to bring every endangered animal to mate, plus they cant release it into the wild
58
what are some human-made changes in the environment?
nutrient enrichment accumulation of toxins climate change ozone depletion
59
what is nutrient enrichment?
human activity often removes nutrients from one part of the biosphere and adds them to another
60
what is eutrophication?
nutrient runoff
61
what is critical load?
max nutrients a plant can absorb without run off
62
what is biomagnification?
toxins get magnified when you move up the food chain
63
what is DDT?
an insecticide; interferes with calcium so birds crush their eggs when they sit on them
64
what does fat have to do with PCBs?
it accumulates in fat tissue
65
what are dioxins?
very toxic; formed in industrial processes
66
what are PBDEs?
reduce flammability or things; found EVERYWHERE
67
what do pollen and fossil plant records reveal?
past vegetation
68
what do bubbles trapped in glacial ice reveal?
CO2 levels
69
what do chemical isotopes reveal?
past temperature
70
what is assisted migration?
translocate species into a favorable nonnative habitat
71
what is a solution to the energy problem?
reduce use and use renewable energy
72
what is a solution to the CO2 problem?
international effort required to reduce
73
what is the purpose of the ozone layer?
life on earth is protected from damaging effects of UV radiation
74
how is an ozone hole created?
produced by humans from aerosol spray and refrigerants
75
whats the problem with pharmaceutical drugs?
humans excrete residual chemicals or throw them in the toilet and ends up in bodies of water
76
whats the deal with government subsides?
they give money to farmers to grow specific crops but most of it gets wasted
77
how many wildfires are caused by humans?
84%
78
how much area do human fires cover?
44%

bio 213 (19 decks)

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