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chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

why is exchange easy for unicellular organisms?

A

there’s direct contact with the environment

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2
Q

what are the two basic adaptations for effective exchange in animal cells?

A
  1. be small or thin, places cell in direct contact

2. use of a circulatory system for larger organisms

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3
Q

what do animals do if they don’t have a a circulatory system?

A

they have a gastrovascular cavity that does digestion and gas exchange, only 2 cells thick

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4
Q

what are the three basic components for a circulatory system?

A

fluid-transport gases through body
vessel- where fluid flows through
muscular pump- power circulation

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5
Q

what is an open circulatory system?

A

dont have artery or veins, organs in “blood bath”, carries di/oxygenated blood in/out. in anthropods snails, clams, oysters

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6
Q

what is the open circulatory fluid called?

A

hemolymph or interstitial fluid

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7
Q

what is a closed circulatory system?

A

directly pumping blood from heart to organs, di/oxygenated blood not mixed, in worms and vertbrates

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8
Q

what is the closed circulatory fluid called?

A

blood

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9
Q

what is the advtange of open circulatory systems?

A

lower hydrostatic pressure= less energy

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10
Q

what is the advantage of a closed circulatory system?

A

high blood pressure= efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients

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11
Q

what is the closed circulaory system of humans and other vertbrates?

A

cardiovascular system

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12
Q

what are arteries?

A

always carrying blood away from heart to organs

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13
Q

what are arterioles?

A

branched arteries

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14
Q

what are beds?

A

gas exchange between blood and interstitual fluid

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15
Q

what are veins?

A

deoxygenated blood back to heart

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16
Q

what are venules?

A

picking up CO2 and going back to heart

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17
Q

w=how are arteries and vein distinguished?

A

direction of blood flow

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18
Q

?what do portal vessels do

A

carry blood between beds of capillaries

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19
Q

what is the artrium?

A

receives blood

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20
Q

what is the ventricle?

A

pumps blood out of heart

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21
Q

why is the ventricular muscle bigger?

A

it needs to pump blood out

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22
Q

in bony fishes, rays, and sharks, the heart consists of 2 chambers ____ and ____

A

atrium and ventricle

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23
Q

what is single circulation?

A

the blood passes through the heart once in each complete circuit through the body

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24
Q

how does swimming make up for low blood pressure in single circulation?

A

swimming contracts and relaxes the muscles and help accelerate the slow rate of circulation

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25
the circulatory systems of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have 2 circuits called?
double circulation
26
what is a pulmonary circuit?
if capillary beds involved are all in the lungs (reptiles and mammals)
27
what is pulmocutaneous circuit?
if it includes capillaries in both lungs and skin (amphibians)
28
what is a systemic circuit?
when oxygenated blood leaves the gas exchange tissues it goes to the left side of the heart to be pumped into organs. once its used the now dioxygenated blood will return to the heart
29
what are intermittent breathers?
vertebrates that can go long periods without gas exchange bc they can breathe through their skin. shuts off blood flow to the lungs.
30
what do the left and right sides of the 4 chambered heart do?
left-oxygenated | right-dioxygenated
31
why do mammals and birds require more oxygen than ectotherms?
they need more energy
32
describe the pathway of a 4 chamber heart
1. dioxygenated blood comes through right atrium 2. goes to right ventricle pumps into pulmonary vein 3. goes to pick up oxygen in lungs 4. goes back to pulmonary veins 5. enters left atrium (collecting chamber) 6. left ventricle (pumping chamber) 7. leaves through aorta 8. back down into body
33
why do the atria have thin walls?
they are just collection chambers for returning blood, blood is relaxed
34
why do the ventricles have thicker walls?
because they have to pump blood
35
why does the left ventricle pump with greater force than the right even though its the same amount of blood?
it pumps to blood to the entire body
36
what is a cardiac cycle?
one complete sequence of pumping and filling
37
what is the contraction phase called?
systole
38
what is the relaxation phase called?
diastole
39
what is the cardiac output?
volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute | heart rate x stroke volume
40
what do valves do?
prevents backflow and keep blood moving in the right direction
41
what is the atroventricular valve?
separate each atrium and ventricle
42
what are semilunar valves?
located at the 2 exits of heart, where aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
43
what creates the lub-dup sound?
recoil of blood against the closed AV valve and against the semilunar
44
what is a heart murmur?
backflow of blood through a defective valve
45
what type of specialization has specialized fluid?
closed circulation
46
what is plasma?
the liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended in
47
what are blood electrolytes?
inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions, buffer blood pH and maintain osmotic balance
48
how does plasma compare to interstitial fluid?
plasma has a higher protein concentration
49
what are some other functions of plasma?
immunity, escort lipids, blood clotting
50
what are the 2 types of blood cells?
red blood cells-transport oxygen | white blood cells- immunity
51
what are platelets?
cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process
52
what are the 5 major types of white blood cells?
monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
53
what are monocytes?
largest type, vacuum cleaner of white blood cells, longer-lived
54
what are neutrophils?
most abundant, fungal infections, form pus
55
what are basophils?
allergic reactions, antigens, histamines, rarest
56
what are eosinophils?
count fluctuates, allergies and parasitic, respiratory and urinary
57
what are lymphocytes?
common in lymphatic system
58
what are red blood cells also called?
erthrocytes
59
what is the advantage to red blood cells biconcave shape?
increase SA, increase rate of diffusion of oxygen
60
what is hemoglobin?
iron containing protein that transports oxygen
61
each molecule of hemoglobin binds how many molecules of oxygen?
4
62
why do red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria?
to make more space for hemoglobin
63
what is sickle cell disease?
an abnormal form of hemoglobin, distorts shape of red blood cell, caused by an alteration in amino acid sequence
64
what are the consequences of sickle cell disease?
clogs arteries, frequently rupture
65
where do erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets develop from?
multipotent stem cells
66
what is the role of the hormone erythropoeietin? (EPO)
kidneys secrete this when the tissues arent receiving enough oxygen and they want to make more red blood cells
67
what is coagulation?
conversion of liquid components of blood into a solid clot
68
what is fibrinogen?
the coagulant in its inactive form
69
how does fibrin form?
platelets release clotting factors that trigger the formation of throbin, throbin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
70
what is a thrombus?
blood clot in the blood vessels
71
why does the southeast US have so many heart disease cases?
fatty/fried foods, hot weather hinders physical activity
72
what is plaque?
acculturation of fatty deposits
73
what is atherosclerosis?
the hardening of arteries caused by plaque
74
how does plaque form in the arteries?
bad cholesterol builds up in the arteries
75
what does good cholesterol do?
carries cholesterol into liver
76
what is a heart attack?
cardiac muscle tissue damage/death from blockage of coronary arteries
77
how is a heart attack treated?
1. insertion of mesh tube to expand artery | 2. transplanting a blood vessel to bypass the blockage
78
what is a stroke?
death of nervous tissue in the brain due to lack of oxygen
79
what is a ischemic stroke?
most common, blocked arteries to the brain
80
what is a hemorrhaic stroke?
arteries to the brain leak or burst and then hemorrhaging occurs
81
what is transient ischemic attack?
a brief malfunction from blockage in eyes or brain
82
how do you keep a low LDL:HDL?
diet and excercise
83
what is a c-reactive protein?
produced in the liver, shows inflammation of body, sign of heart disease
84
what is the role of aspirin in heart attacks?
inhibits the inflammatory response
85
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure, leads to heart disease
86
why is sleep important?
sleep helps repair and heal the heart and blood vessels, and allows the cardiovascular system to rest, allowing other organs to be restored

bio 213 (19 decks)

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