chapter 53

Question 1

what is a population?

Answer 1

group of individuals of the same species

Question 2

what are population dynamics?

Answer 2

study of how populations change over time

Question 3

what is population density?

Answer 3

number of individuals in a certain area (area=terrestrial, volume=aquatic)

Question 4

what is immigration?

Answer 4

movement of individuals into a population

Question 5

what is emigration?

Answer 5

movement of organisms out of a population

Question 6

immigration and births ___ individuals to a population

Answer 6

add

Question 7

deaths and emigration ___ individuals from a population

Answer 7

remove

Question 8

how to measure population density?

Answer 8

measure number and density of individuals, rates of demographic events (immigration, emigration), location of individuals (might not be there all the time),

Question 9

what is the mark recapture method?

Answer 9

scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals in a population. scientists capture a second sample of individuals and note how many are marked

Question 10

what is the equation for population size estimated by mark recapture?

Answer 10

(# tagged in 1st round* # captured in 2nd round)/ how many marked in 2nd round

Question 11

what are the 3 patterns of dispersion?

Answer 11

clumped, uniform and random

Question 12

what are patterns of dispersion?

Answer 12

pattern of spacing in a population

Question 13

describe clumped dispersion

Answer 13

clumped for mating purposes or protection from predators or good resources

Question 14

describe uniform dispersion

Answer 14

territorial or dont want to share resources

Question 15

describe random dispersion

Answer 15

no strong attraction/repulsion. least common

Question 16

what is allelopathy?

Answer 16

has toxin so other plants cant live nearby

Question 17

what is demography?

Answer 17

vital statistics of a population

Question 18

what are life tables?

Answer 18

age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population (to see how they survive)

Question 19

what are cohorts?

Answer 19

an individual in a population of the same species.

Question 20

what are age-dependent life tables?

Answer 20

tracking demographic events as calendar age

Question 21

what are stage-dependent life tables?

Answer 21

used for organisms like frogs, insects, etc

Question 22

what is the first survivorship curve?

Answer 22

low death rate in beginning and middle; humans

Question 23

what it the second survivorship curve?

Answer 23

constant death rate; beldings ground squirrels

Question 24

what is the third survivorship curve?

Answer 24

most die in the beginning but those who live get to live for a long ass time; have to make lots of babies; birds

Question 25

what are reproductive rates?

Answer 25

estimates potential for growth, tracks everything about a litter, only for females

Question 26

what is the equation per capita rate of increase?

Answer 26

change in population=births+immigrants-deaths-emigrants

Question 27

when does zero growth happen?

Answer 27

when births+immigrants= deaths-emigrants

Question 28

when does exponential population growth occur?

Answer 28

under idealized conditions; j shaped curve

Question 29

what are some idealized conditions?

Answer 29

no predators, more food, more shelter, no disease, resistance to medicine

Question 30

what is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 30

when a strain resists a type of medicine

Question 31

what is carrying capacity?

Answer 31

max of number f individuals that an environment can support; varies with the abundance of limiting resources

Question 32

what is logistic growth?

Answer 32

the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity

Question 33

what is the allee effect?

Answer 33

individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

Question 34

what if life history?

Answer 34

the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival

Question 35

what are the 3 variables of life history?

Answer 35

usual reproduction age, how often they reproduce, amount per pregnancy

Question 36

what is semelparity?

Answer 36

they nut and then die; aka the big nut octopuc, salmon, squid, agave prefers variable environments

Question 37

what is iteroparity?

Answer 37

repeated pregnancies | prefers stable environment

Question 38

what is k selection?

Answer 38

density-dependent selection sensitive to population

Question 39

what is r selection?

Answer 39

density independent selection, maximize population at low density

Question 40

describe dependent populations

Answer 40

limited resources; predators, competition, territoriality, disease

Question 41

describe density independent populations

Answer 41

typically abiotic

Question 42

describe how resource abundance affect population densites among species

Answer 42

less food-> not everyone can eat->competition

Question 43

describe how size of individuals affect population densities among species

Answer 43

the smaller the individual size-> less energy needed-> increase in population

Question 44

describe how social organizations affect population densities among species

Answer 44

individuals work together

Question 45

describe how introduced species affect population densities among species

Answer 45

reach max population b/c the new species dont have predators or pathogens

Question 46

describe how evolutionary history affect population densities among species

Answer 46

if they usually had a large density then, they will have a large density now

Question 47

describe how polyploidy and founder effects affect population densities among species

Answer 47

abnormal cell division-> drive genetics into a new species

Question 48

describe how threatened species affect population densities among species

Answer 48

small population

Question 49

describe how vicariance affect population densities among species

Answer 49

land barrier causes population to split->speciation

Question 50

what increases when a population becomes crowded and resource competition increases?

Answer 50

emigration

Question 51

what are metapopulations?

Answer 51

groups of population linked by emigration; habitat will have good and bad parts

Question 52

how to maintain zero population growth?

Answer 52

high birth rates and high death rates | low birth rate and low death rates

Question 53

what is the demographic transition?

Answer 53

the move from the first state to the second state?

Question 54

whats so bad about the asian tiger mosquito?

Answer 54

transmit dozens of diseases, bites all day long, egg survive in winter

Question 55

what is acid rain made of?

Answer 55

sulfuric acid and nitric acid