chapter 40 Flashcards
1
Q
what is anatomy?
A
biological form of an organism (physical attributes)
a result of the genome and millions of year of evolution
2
Q
what is physiology?
A
biological function of an organism
3
Q
what is fitness?
A
ability to pass on genes and keep species alive
4
Q
how do long legs on an ant help it survive in the scorching desert heat?
A
heat doesn’t reach body because of its long legs
5
Q
how are form and function correlated?
A
function explains form and how it gives an advantage to the organism
6
Q
an animal’s ____ and ______ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
A
size and shape
7
Q
what is the most efficient shape for swimming and why?
A
torpedo shaped, reduce water friction and drag
8
Q
what is convergent evolution?
A
two different ancestors look similar bc of same environment (birds and bees)
9
Q
how do air and gravity limit the maximum size of an animal?
A
gravity pulls down and you need a thicker skeleton to keep a larger body upright
10
Q
exchange occurs as substances move across the _______
A
plasma cell membranes
11
Q
in flat organisms like tapeworms, surface area ____ and volume ____
A
increases and decreases
12
Q
in 3D organisms with the same surface area has a _____ volume. thus the SA:V ratio ______
A
larger and decreases
13
Q
____ the number of cells ____ the SA:V ratio
A
increasing and decreases
14
Q
how does specialized branching and folded structures change the SA:V ratio
A
it increases SA, leading to a larger SA:V ratio
15
Q
what is interstitial fluid?
A
fluid inbetween cells
16
Q
what is circulatory fluid?
A
fluid in circulatory system (blood)
17
Q
why is the exchange of interstitial and circulatory fluid important?
A
enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes
18
Q
what are cells?
A
basic unit of life (skin cells)
19
Q
what are tissues?
A
groups of cells with similar look and function (muscle, fat)
20
Q
what are organs?
A
different types of tissues working together (heart,liver)
21
Q
what are organ systems?
A
different organs that work together toward a common goal (respiratory system)
22
Q
what is the function of the digestive system?
A
food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination)
23
Q
what is the function of the circulatory system?
A
internal distribution of materials in heart blood vessels and blood
24
Q
what is the function of the respiratory system?
A
gas exchange in lungs trachea and other breathing tubes
25
what is the function of the immune and lymphatic system?
body defense in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
26
what is the function of the excretory system?
disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood in kidneys, urinary tract
27
what is the function of the endocrine system?
coordination of body activities like digestion and metabolism by secretion of hormones in thyroid, pancreas, and pituitary
28
what is the function of the reproductive systems?
reproduction in ovaries and testes
29
what is the function of the nervous system?
coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them in brain spinal cord and nerves
30
what is the function of the skeletal system?
body support, protection of internal organs, movement in skeleton, bones tendons, ligaments, cartilage
31
what is the function of the integumentary system?
protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation in skin hair and claws
32
what is the function of the muscular system?
locomotion and other movement in skeletal muscles
33
what are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
34
what is epithelial tissue?
covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body ; closely packed and form an active interface with the environment
35
what are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
cuboidal, columnar and squamous
36
what are the 3 arrangements epithelial cells?
simple, stratified, and psuedostratified
37
what is the function of cubodial epithelium?
specialized secretion
38
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
secretion or active absorption
39
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
work by diffusion, in blood vessels and lung air sacs
40
What is stratified squamous epithelium?
regenerate quickly, are found in areas subject to abrasion like skin, mouth, ANUS LMFAO
41
what is the apical surface of the epithelia?
facing outside organ
42
what is the basal surface of the epithelia?
always facing inside of the organ
43
what is the function of connective tissue?
holding tissue and organs together
44
what is connective tissue made of?
extra cellular matrix- a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation
45
What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?
fibers, ground substance, cells
46
what are fibroblasts?
secrete fiber proteins
47
what are macrophages?
enguld particles by phagocytosis
48
what are adiopcytes?
fat cells
49
what are mast cells?
specialized white blood cells; immune response and allergies
50
what are leucoytes?
helps fight infection
51
what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?
collangenous, reticular, elastic
52
what is the function of collangenous fibers?
strength and flexibilty
53
what is the function of reticular fibers?
joining connective tissue to other tissues
54
what is the function of elastic fibers?
make tissue elastic
55
what are tendons?
attach muscle to bone
56
what are ligaments?
attach bone to bone at joints
57
what is loose connective tissue?
most common, binding to epithlial and holding to underlining tissue, holds organs in place, loose weave
58
what is fibrous connective tissue?
very dense with fibers, found in tendons
59
what is bone?
mineralized connected tissue, solid, skeletons
60
what is adipose tissue?
stores fat distrubted around matrix
61
what is blood?
liquid matrix made of water salts and proteins
62
why is blood considered by to be a connective tissue?
saame organ as other connective tissue
| connecting everything
63
what is cartilage?
collangenuos fibers in a protein-carb complex, strong and flexible
64
why is it easy to gain weight?
LMAO ISK
65
what is muscle tissue responsible for?
all types of body movement
66
what do actin and myosin do?
enable muscles to contract together
67
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
68
what is skeletal muscle?
not smooth (has lines) responsible for VOLUNTARY movement; long bundles of muscle fibers
69
what is smooth muscle?
smooth, responsible for involuntary movement (digestion)
70
what is cardiac muscle?
found only in heart; relays from cell to cell to synchronize heart; has lines
71
what is the funcction of nervous tissue?
receipt, processing, and transmission of info
72
what are neurons?
receives signals from other neurons
73
what are gilial cells?
help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
74
how do animals manage their internal environemtn?
regulating or conforming
75
what is a regulator?
use internal mechanism to control internal change when external fluctuates (humans)
76
what is a conformer?
cannot regulate their own internal environment (fish)
77
what regulator and conformers mutually exclusive?
no, bass conform to temperature but regulate salinity in blood
78
what is homeostasis?
maintaining an internal balance
79
what does negative feedback do?
back to stability
80
what is does positive feedback do?
promotes instability; does not play a major role in homeostasis
81
what are the steps of negative feedback?
stimulus, sensor, control, response
82
what is circadian rhythm?
a set of physiological change that occur roughly every 24 hours
83
what is acclimatization?
temporary and gradual change adjusting to external environment in individuals
84
how is acclimatization different from adaption?
adaption is a permanent change occurring in a population
85
what is thermoregulation?
temperature regulation
86
why is thermoregulation needed?
body processes aren't as efficient
87
can you be both endothermic and ectothermic?
yes, human goes into shade
88
what is poikilothermy?
temperature varies with environment
89
what is homeothermy?
temperature constant despite external environment
90
what is heterothermy?
somewhere between homeothermy and poikilothermy LMAO
91
how is homeothermy different from endothemic?
IDK
92
why are poikilotherms different from ectotherms?
no fixed relationship between heat source and body temperature
93
what is radiation?
gain/loss of heat depending on environment
94
what is evaporation?
air movement to cool body
95
what is convection?
transfer of heat
96
what is conduction?
direct tranfser between 2 solid surfaces
97
to maintain thermoregulation :
heat gain=heat loss
98
what is the integumentary system?
protect body from damage, skin, hair, nails
99
what are the 5 adaptations to help animals thermoregulate?
insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production
100
how does insulation work?
preventing flow of heat into environment
101
water transmits heat _____ than in air
faster
102
what are the 3 main insulation in animals?
hair/fur, feathers, blubber
103
what is piloerection?
reaction to cold by raising fur or feathers to trap layer of warm air (goosebumps)
104
what are circulatory adaptations?
alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
105
what is vasodilation?
veins dilate, increases heat loss
106
what is vasocontriction?
veins constrict, decreases heat loss
107
how does countercurrent exchange work?
1. arteries are moving in opposite directions
| 2. aligned close enough for heat to increase/decrease
108
what happens in countercurrent flow?
small gradient maintained, conserves heat
109
what happens in concurrent flow?
large gradients disappear quickly, not usually favored
110
What are some examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss?
sweating, panting, fluttering
111
what is thermogenesis?
internally generating heat to match rate of heat loss, can by increasing by muscle movement
112
what do small endotherms do to warm up before flight?
shiver before flight
113
what is non-shivering thermogenesis?
mitochrondria creates heat instead of ATP, found in baby animals and hibernating animals
114
how do endotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?
adjusting insulin by shedding
115
what are the 3 methods that ectotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?
enzymes, lipids, antifreeze compounds
116
how do enzymes adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
change the optimum temperature
117
how do lipids adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
change proportion of unsaturated lipids (unsaturated keep membranes fluids are lower temps)
118
how do antifreeze compounds adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
produce "antifreeze" to prevent ice forming in cells
119
what is the hypothalamus?
brain region that controls circadian clock and thermoregulation, a bundle of nerves serves as a thermostat
120
what is a fever?
elevated body temp in endotherms to kill of pathogens
121
what is bioenergetics?
the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines nutritional needs and it affected by animal size, activity, and environment
122
what is biosynthesis?
making of biological molecules needed for body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material, and production of gametes; generates heat
123
what is metabolic rate?
the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval
124
metabolic rate can be determined by
heat loss, oxygen consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption, chemical energy loss in waste
125
what is basal metabolic rate?
the minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at reast, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress
126
what is standard metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of a fasting nonstressed ectotherm at rest
127
smaller animals have a _____ metabolic rate per gram than larger animals
higher
128
what is maximum metabolic rates?
the highest rate of ATP use; occurs during peak activity
129
what is torpor?
animal state of deceased activity, lowers temp and metabolism; hibernation
130
what is daily torpor?
less than 24 hours, found in all endotherms; birds mice bats
131
what is hibernation?
long term torpor, adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity, body temp declines
132
what is estivation?
summer torpor, adaptation to high temp and scarce water, lower metabolic rates; snails, crocodiles, land crabs
133
what is the deep water technique in frogs?
frogs lay in deep waters to hibernate. take in oxygen from their skin. do not freeze.
134
how do frogs hibernate on land?
burrow in soil to an area where frost cant get them
135
talk about frogcicles.
formation of ice crystals tear up cells so these frogs flood their cells with glucose as an antifreeze.
136
talk about the opah fish
keeps temp 5C higher than environment, heat loss is diminished by its dense network of blood vessels (countercurrent heat exchange) flaps fins for warmth
137
what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
forms mucous membrane that lines respiratory tract
