chapter 45

Question 1

what are animal hormones?

Answer 1

chemical signals secreted in extracellular fluid, send messages

Question 2

where do hormones circulate?

Answer 2

throughout body through blood/hemolymph

Question 3

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 3

chemical signalling by hormones

Question 4

what is the nervous system?

Answer 4

transmit signals through body through neurons

Question 5

how are signals transmitted between cell classified?

Answer 5

type: type of cell secretion
route: route taken by the cell when reaching its target

Question 6

what is endocrine signaling?

Answer 6

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

Question 7

what are the 4 goals of the endocrine signalling?

Answer 7

1. maintain homeostasis
2. mediates responses to environmental stimuli
3. regulates growth and development
4. triggers physical and behavioral changes for sexual maturity and reproduction

Question 8

what is local regulator?

Answer 8

travels short distances by diffusion

Question 9

what is paracrine signalling?

Answer 9

the target cells lie near their secreting cell

Question 10

what is autocrine signalling?

Answer 10

the target cell is the same cell as the signalling cell

Question 11

what roles do paracrine and autocrine play?

Answer 11

blood pressure, nervous system, reproduction

Question 12

what are prostaglandins in males?

Answer 12

produce semen

Question 13

what are prostaglandins in females?

Answer 13

stimulate uterine walls to contract so sperm can find eggs and also induces labor

Question 14

what are prostaglandins in the immune system?

Answer 14

cause contractions, inflammation, and pain

Question 15

how does aspirin and ibuprofin work?

Answer 15

block prostaglandins to reduce pain

Question 16

what is synaptic signalling?

Answer 16

neurons form synapses with target cells (not local)

Question 17

what are synapses?

Answer 17

junction between 2 or more cells

Question 18

what are neurotransmitters?

Answer 18

diffuse a very short distance and bind to receptors on the target cells, play a role in memory, movements, and learning

Question 19

what is the neuroendocrine signaling?

Answer 19

neurosesecretory cells secrete neurohormones

Question 20

what are neurohormones?

Answer 20

diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream (ex. antidiuretic hormone which is essential to kidney function and water balance)

Question 21

what are pheromones?

Answer 21

chemicals released externally (ex, leads ants to food, attract mates)

Question 22

what are the 3 classes of local regulators?

Answer 22

1. modified fatty acid (insulin)
2. polypeptides (cytokines and growth factors)
3. gases

Question 23

whats with nitric oxide?

Answer 23

is regulates vasodilation and increases blood flow in men

Question 24

how does viagra work?

Answer 24

prolongs activity of nitric acid in blood oxide

Question 25

what is epinephrine?

Answer 25

fight or flight hormone, can have different receptors and therefore different effects

Question 26

what are endocrine glands?

Answer 26

do not have a duct that sends hormones out so they secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid (thyroids, gonads)

Question 27

what are exocrine glands?

Answer 27

have a specific duct that carry secreted substances (salivary glands)

Question 28

what is the pineal gland?

Answer 28

secretes melatonin that plays a role in regulation of biological rhythms

Question 29

what is the hypothalamus?

Answer 29

hormones released from posterior pituitary, releases and inhibits hormones regulate anterior pituitary

Question 30

what is the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 30

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-stimulate ovaries and testes prolactin-stimulates mammary gland cells growth hormones-stimulates growth and metabloic functions

Question 31

what is the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 31

oxytocin- stimulates contracts of uterus | vasopressin (ADH)- water retention of kidneys

Question 32

what is the thyroid gland?

Answer 32

secretes thyroid hormone- maintains metabolic processes

Question 33

what is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 33

epinephrine and norepinephrine- raise blood glucose, metabolic activites

Question 34

what is the adrenal cortex?

Answer 34

glucocorticoids-raise blood glucose level | mineralcorticoids-reabsorb sodium and secretion of potassium in kidneys

Question 35

what is the pancreas?

Answer 35

insulin-lowers blood glucose | glucagon- raises blood glucose level

Question 36

what happens when blood calcium is low?

Answer 36

skeletal muscles contract and cause convulsions

Question 37

what happens when blood calcium is high?

Answer 37

organ damage bc of formation of calcium phosphate

Question 38

what 2 antagonistic hormones regulate the homeostasis of calcium in mammals?

Answer 38

Parathyroid hormone in parathyroid gland | calcitonin in thyroid inhibits bone breakdown and causes kidneys to excrete more calcium

Question 39

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 39

top of kidneys

Question 40

adrenal gland is made up of

Answer 40

the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Question 41

when is epinephrine secreted?

Answer 41

short term life threatening events

Question 42

what are corticosteroids?

Answer 42

long term steroids, triggered by hormone cascade pathway via hypthalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 43

what are glucocortoids?

Answer 43

cortisol, antiflammatory, break down fats

Question 44

what are mineralcorticoids?

Answer 44

ion and water balances, increase blood pressure

Question 45

where are sex hormones produced?

Answer 45

donads, testes and ovaries

Question 46

what are sex hormones?

Answer 46

affect growth,development, reproductive cycles and sexual behaviors

Question 47

what are the 3 types of steroid sex hormones?

Answer 47

androgens, estrogens, and progestins

Question 48

what is the main androgen?

Answer 48

testosterone

Question 49

what is the main estrogen?

Answer 49

estradiol

Question 50

what does testosterone do?

Answer 50

stimulate development of male reproductive tract (low voice, body hair, muscle mass)

Question 51

what does bipotential gland do?

Answer 51

develops to be either girl/boy

Question 52

what is the anti-mullerian hormone?

Answer 52

cause female parts to degenerate

Question 53

what are estrogens?

Answer 53

development of female secondary characteristics?

Question 54

what do progestins and progesterones do?

Answer 54

prepare uterus to support the growth and development of an embryo

Question 55

what is an endocrine disrupter?

Answer 55

block function of normal hormone pathway

Question 56

what does the thyroid hormone do in frogs and humans?

Answer 56

tail absorption and weight, temp regulator, and tiredness | show hormones go through divergent evolution

Question 57

what does melanocyte-stimulating hormone in amphibians and mammals?

Answer 57

regulating pigmentation and deal with apeitite and pregnancy