chapter 50

Question 1

whats up with the star nose mole?

Answer 1

uses the nose thing to touch, is blind

Question 2

what is sensory reception?

Answer 2

the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells

Question 3

what is a sensory receptor?

Answer 3

describes a sensory cell or organ, can detect outside and internal stimuli, response is to open or close ion channels to change membrane potential to change receptor potential

Question 4

what is sensory transduction?

Answer 4

the conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

Question 5

what is receptor potential?

Answer 5

change in membrane potential

Question 6

what is transmission?

Answer 6

moving sensory information to nerves

Question 7

what is integration?

Answer 7

here information is stored received and processed

Question 8

what are perceptions?

Answer 8

constructions formed in the brain and do not exists outside of it

Question 9

how does the brain know the difference between different stimuli?

Answer 9

what pathway it goes down

Question 10

what is amplification?

Answer 10

strengthening sensory input

Question 11

what is sensory adaption?

Answer 11

decreased response to stimulation (or else brain would overwork)

Question 12

what are the 5 sensory receptors?

Answer 12

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electroreceptors, thermoreceptor, and nociceptors

Question 13

what are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 13

sense physical deformation through hair (pressure motion, sound)

Question 14

what are chemoreceptors?

Answer 14

general-transmit info about total solute concentration

specific- respond to individual kinds of molecules

Question 15

what are electromeagnetic receptors?

Answer 15

detect forms of electromagnetic energy like light, electricity, and magnetism

Question 16

what are thermoreceptors?

Answer 16

detect heat and cold

Question 17

what is the spicy substance?

Answer 17

capsaicin

Question 18

what are nociceptors?

Answer 18

detect painful or harmful stimuli

Question 19

what do prostaglandins do?

Answer 19

makes sure body withdraws from source of pain

Question 20

what is a statocyst?

Answer 20

balance organs in invertebrates (humans do not have)

Question 21

what are statoliths?

Answer 21

grains in a ciliated chamber

Question 22

how do statocysts and statoliths work to create a sense of gravity and sound in invertebrates?

Answer 22

when the organism moves the statoliths resettles, stimulating the mechnoreceptors and gives the animals a sense of balance

Question 23

how do insects use sound?

Answer 23

body hairs respond to sound and it vibrates over their body. different hair stiffness creates different frequencies

Question 24

what is the pinna?

Answer 24

external ear

Question 25

what is the middle ear?

Answer 25

small bones that take vibrations and transmits into oval window

Question 26

what is the round window?

Answer 26

connecting the middle and inner ear, through which sound vibrations of the stapes are transmitted

Question 27

what is the eustachain tube used for?

Answer 27

pressure

Question 28

why is the cochlea of unequal thickness?

Answer 28

the thick parts detect a higher frequency while a thin part detects a low frequency

Question 29

what do the utricle and saccule do?

Answer 29

allows us to perceive position with respect to gravity or linear movement

Question 30

what does the perilymph do?

Answer 30

"ear stones" called otoliths press on hair protruding in the gel

Question 31

what is vertigo?

Answer 31

dizzy all the time

Question 32

what is BPPV?

Answer 32

otoconia dislodged and interferes with normal fluid movement and gives a false signal to the brain

Question 33

what is meniere's disease?

Answer 33

genetic, buildup of fluid. severe ringing in ears

Question 34

what is labrynthitis?

Answer 34

inflammation of inner ear, usually after an infection

Question 35

what is the lateral line system?

Answer 35

water entering bends cupula, senses movement. also hears sound by sensing vibrations in water

Question 36

what is echolocation?

Answer 36

the location of objects by reflected sound, in particular that used by animals such as dolphins and bats.

Question 37

what are photoreceptors?

Answer 37

light absorbing pigments in sensory neurons

Question 38

how do planarian worms detect light?

Answer 38

through their eyespots, they move away from light

Question 39

what are compound eyes?

Answer 39

consists of several thousand light detectors called ommatidia

Question 40

what are single-lens eyes?

Answer 40

a single lens directs light on a layer of photoreceptors

Question 41

what is the pupil?

Answer 41

a small opening

Question 42

what is the iris?

Answer 42

changes diameter of pupil to control amount of light taken in.

Question 43

how do fish eyes work?

Answer 43

moves lens backwards or forwards

Question 44

how do human eyes work?

Answer 44

change shape of lens, more round or flattened

Question 45

what are rods?

Answer 45

light and dark, contrast

Question 46

what are cones?

Answer 46

color

Question 47

what happens when light strikes the rods and cones?

Answer 47

hyperpolarize, shutting off release of glutamate

Question 48

what is the optic chiasm?

Answer 48

where 2 optic nerves meet, left visuals are transmitted to the right side of the brain, right visuals are transmitted to the left side.

Question 49

what about nocturnal animals?

Answer 49

they need more rods than cones to help their night vision

Question 50

what are the 3 types of photopsins?

Answer 50

s (blue) m (green) l (red)

Question 51

how does focusing work?

Answer 51

changes shape of the lens

Question 52

for near vision the lens becomes

Answer 52

round

Question 53

for long distance vision the lens becomes

Answer 53

flattened

Question 54

why do old people need reading glasses?

Answer 54

lens becomes stiff, unable to change shape

Question 55

what is the fovea?

Answer 55

center of visual field, no rods many cones

Question 56

what are gustation?

Answer 56

detection of chemicals called tastants (taste)

Question 57

what are olffaction?

Answer 57

smell, detects odorants

Question 58

what are the taste receptors in insects?

Answer 58

on sensory hairs on feet

Question 59

what are the 5 tastes?

Answer 59

sweet sour bitter salty umami

Question 60

what receptors do taste buds have?

Answer 60

have all receptors, but each receptor is specific to 1 taste

Question 61

what is the tapetum lucidem?

Answer 61

mirror like layer behind retina, helps with low light vision

Question 62

what are nasal turbinates?

Answer 62

highly folded bones in marine mammals that increase smell

Question 63

what is the vomeronasal organ?

Answer 63

detect pheromones