chapter 54

Question 1

what is a community?

Answer 1

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions

Question 2

what is an ecological niche/role?

Answer 2

the sum of a species use of a/biotic resources

Question 3

what is a niche?

Answer 3

everything a species use

Question 4

what is a fundemental niche?

Answer 4

all factors that a species lives in

Question 5

what is a realized niche?

Answer 5

where it really lives

Question 6

what are interspecific interactions?

Answer 6

relationships between species in a community; competition, herbivory, symbiosis

Question 7

what is predation?

Answer 7

refers to an interaction in which 1 species kills and eats the prey

Question 8

what are some feeding adaptations?

Answer 8

claws, fangs, poison

Question 9

what are some defensive adaptations?

Answer 9

behavioral: camouflage
chemical defenses: skunk smell
mechanical: spikes

Question 10

what is crypsis?

Answer 10

blending in

Question 11

what is aposomatism?

Answer 11

warning colors

Question 12

what is homotypy?

Answer 12

prey resembles something that a predator thinks is inedible (leaf, dirt,etc)

Question 13

what is mimicry?

Answer 13

mimics another species for protection

Question 14

what is batesian mimicry?

Answer 14

harmless species mimics a harmful animal

Question 15

what is mullerian mimicry?

Answer 15

two or more inedible species resemble each other ->predator wont go for anything that looks like them

Question 16

how can mimicry be used by predators?

Answer 16

octopus can mimic the movement and appearance of marine animals

Question 17

what is symbiosis?

Answer 17

relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

Question 18

what is parasitism?

Answer 18

the parasite derives nourishment from the host, who is harmed

Question 19

what are some examples of microparasites?

Answer 19

viruses, protists; smaller than hosts

Question 20

what are some examples of macroparasites?

Answer 20

leeches, fleas, mosquitos

Question 21

what are endoparasites?

Answer 21

inside

Question 22

what are ectoparasites?

Answer 22

outside

Question 23

what are some human features that deal with ectoparasites?

Answer 23

hairlessness, standing upright, possible thumbs

Question 24

what is mutualism?

Answer 24

interspecific interaction that benefits both species

Question 25

what is obligate mutualism?

Answer 25

cannot live on their own

Question 26

what is facultative mutualism?

Answer 26

both can live on their own

Question 27

what is competitive exclusion?

Answer 27

local elimination of a competing species

Question 28

what is resource partitioning?

Answer 28

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

Question 29

what is character displacement?

Answer 29

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric (same area) populations of two species than in allopatric (different areas) populations of the same two species

Question 30

what is commensalism?

Answer 30

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Question 31

what is facilitation?

Answer 31

a plant interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.

Question 32

what is species diversity?

Answer 32

the variety of organisms that make up the community

Question 33

species diversity is made up of?

Answer 33

species richness and relative abundance

Question 34

what is species richness?

Answer 34

number of species in a community

Question 35

what is relative abundance?

Answer 35

proportion of each species

Question 36

how can diversity be compared?

Answer 36

using the shannon diversity index

Question 37

what is the equation of the shannon diversity index?

Answer 37

H=-(Pa*lnPa + Pb*lnPb + etc...) p is the abundance of each species (probability) higher h=more diversity

Question 38

communities with ______ diversity are better

Answer 38

higher

Question 39

what is biomass?

Answer 39

the total mass of all organisms

Question 40

what are invasive species?

Answer 40

organisms that become established outside their native range

Question 41

why are communities with higher diversity better?

Answer 41

more productive, more biomass more stable in their productivity better at withstanding environmental stresses more resistant to invasive species

Question 42

what is a trophic structure?

Answer 42

feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Question 43

producers are _____

Answer 43

autotrophs

Question 44

consumers are ______

Answer 44

heterotrophs

Question 45

can you have a secondary producer?

Answer 45

no because producers dont have to eat others

Question 46

what is energetic hypothesis?

Answer 46

food chain lengths are limited by inefficient energy transfer, only 10% of energy is transferred to the next level

Question 47

why is is only 10% energy transferred?

Answer 47

consumer use that energy for other purposes so when others eat them they only get 10%

Question 48

what are detritivores?

Answer 48

they eat dead material

Question 49

why are detritvores important?

Answer 49

ultimate recyclers; plants are able to use nutrients over and over again

Question 50

what are some examples of detritivores?

Answer 50

bacteria, fungi, mice, insects, worms

Question 51

what are dominant species?

Answer 51

those that are the most abundant or have the highest biomass; usually the most competitive at exploiting resources or most successful at avoiding predators

Question 52

why are invasive species bad?

Answer 52

usually become dominant very quick because theres no competition

Question 53

what are keystone species?

Answer 53

exert strong control on a community by their ecological niches; alter biotic factors; affect environment just by being there

Question 54

what are ecosystem engineers? (foundation species)

Answer 54

cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure (beavers)

Question 55

what is the bottom-up model?

Answer 55

proposes an unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels nutrients->plants->herbivores->predators

Question 56

what is a top down model (trophic cascade) ?

Answer 56

predators->herbivores->plants->nutrients

Question 57

what is a disturbance?

Answer 57

event that changes community, removes species+resources, flood, fire, earthquake

Question 58

what is a nonequilibrium model?

Answer 58

communities constantly changing because of disturbances

Question 59

a high level of disturbance _____ diversity because of stress

Answer 59

reduces

Question 60

a low level of disturbance _____ diversity because of competition

Answer 60

reduces

Question 61

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Answer 61

moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

Question 62

what is ecological succession?

Answer 62

predictable change in community after disturbance

Question 63

what is primary succession?

Answer 63

starting over again from rock

Question 64

what is secondary succession?

Answer 64

some soil left after disturbance

Question 65

what is cyclical succession?

Answer 65

disturbance happens over and over again; depends on the disturbances

Question 66

what is heterotrophic succession?

Answer 66

energy is greatest at the beginning, biomass and diversity DECREASE over time

Question 67

what are the three stages of decomposition?

Answer 67

autolysis, putrefaction, and dry decay

Question 68

what is autolysis?

Answer 68

fermentation changes; release of gases

Question 69

what is putrefaction?

Answer 69

body becomes liquidy

Question 70

what is dry decay?

Answer 70

all fluid is gone, bones and fur are left

Question 71

what is moraine?

Answer 71

glacier debris that allows for growth

Question 72

what are some ways to spot fake news?

Answer 72

based on peer reviewed work? is the data cherry picked? is denying climate change all they write about? where was the news published?