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bio 213 > chapter 54 > Flashcards

chapter 54 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a community?

A

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions

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2
Q

what is an ecological niche/role?

A

the sum of a species use of a/biotic resources

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3
Q

what is a niche?

A

everything a species use

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4
Q

what is a fundemental niche?

A

all factors that a species lives in

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5
Q

what is a realized niche?

A

where it really lives

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6
Q

what are interspecific interactions?

A

relationships between species in a community; competition, herbivory, symbiosis

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7
Q

what is predation?

A

refers to an interaction in which 1 species kills and eats the prey

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8
Q

what are some feeding adaptations?

A

claws, fangs, poison

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9
Q

what are some defensive adaptations?

A

behavioral: camouflage
chemical defenses: skunk smell
mechanical: spikes

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10
Q

what is crypsis?

A

blending in

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11
Q

what is aposomatism?

A

warning colors

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12
Q

what is homotypy?

A

prey resembles something that a predator thinks is inedible (leaf, dirt,etc)

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13
Q

what is mimicry?

A

mimics another species for protection

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14
Q

what is batesian mimicry?

A

harmless species mimics a harmful animal

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15
Q

what is mullerian mimicry?

A

two or more inedible species resemble each other ->predator wont go for anything that looks like them

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16
Q

how can mimicry be used by predators?

A

octopus can mimic the movement and appearance of marine animals

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17
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

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18
Q

what is parasitism?

A

the parasite derives nourishment from the host, who is harmed

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19
Q

what are some examples of microparasites?

A

viruses, protists; smaller than hosts

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20
Q

what are some examples of macroparasites?

A

leeches, fleas, mosquitos

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21
Q

what are endoparasites?

A

inside

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22
Q

what are ectoparasites?

A

outside

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23
Q

what are some human features that deal with ectoparasites?

A

hairlessness, standing upright, possible thumbs

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24
Q

what is mutualism?

A

interspecific interaction that benefits both species

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25
Q

what is obligate mutualism?

A

cannot live on their own

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26
Q

what is facultative mutualism?

A

both can live on their own

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27
Q

what is competitive exclusion?

A

local elimination of a competing species

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28
Q

what is resource partitioning?

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

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29
Q

what is character displacement?

A

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric (same area) populations of two species than in allopatric (different areas) populations of the same two species

30
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

31
Q

what is facilitation?

A

a plant interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.

32
Q

what is species diversity?

A

the variety of organisms that make up the community

33
Q

species diversity is made up of?

A

species richness and relative abundance

34
Q

what is species richness?

A

number of species in a community

35
Q

what is relative abundance?

A

proportion of each species

36
Q

how can diversity be compared?

A

using the shannon diversity index

37
Q

what is the equation of the shannon diversity index?

A

H=-(PalnPa + PblnPb + etc…)
p is the abundance of each species (probability)
higher h=more diversity

38
Q

communities with ______ diversity are better

A

higher

39
Q

what is biomass?

A

the total mass of all organisms

40
Q

what are invasive species?

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

41
Q

why are communities with higher diversity better?

A

more productive, more biomass
more stable in their productivity
better at withstanding environmental stresses
more resistant to invasive species

42
Q

what is a trophic structure?

A

feeding relationships between organisms in a community

43
Q

producers are _____

A

autotrophs

44
Q

consumers are ______

A

heterotrophs

45
Q

can you have a secondary producer?

A

no because producers dont have to eat others

46
Q

what is energetic hypothesis?

A

food chain lengths are limited by inefficient energy transfer, only 10% of energy is transferred to the next level

47
Q

why is is only 10% energy transferred?

A

consumer use that energy for other purposes so when others eat them they only get 10%

48
Q

what are detritivores?

A

they eat dead material

49
Q

why are detritvores important?

A

ultimate recyclers; plants are able to use nutrients over and over again

50
Q

what are some examples of detritivores?

A

bacteria, fungi, mice, insects, worms

51
Q

what are dominant species?

A

those that are the most abundant or have the highest biomass; usually the most competitive at exploiting resources or most successful at avoiding predators

52
Q

why are invasive species bad?

A

usually become dominant very quick because theres no competition

53
Q

what are keystone species?

A

exert strong control on a community by their ecological niches; alter biotic factors; affect environment just by being there

54
Q

what are ecosystem engineers? (foundation species)

A

cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure (beavers)

55
Q

what is the bottom-up model?

A

proposes an unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels
nutrients->plants->herbivores->predators

56
Q

what is a top down model (trophic cascade) ?

A

predators->herbivores->plants->nutrients

57
Q

what is a disturbance?

A

event that changes community, removes species+resources, flood, fire, earthquake

58
Q

what is a nonequilibrium model?

A

communities constantly changing because of disturbances

59
Q

a high level of disturbance _____ diversity because of stress

A

reduces

60
Q

a low level of disturbance _____ diversity because of competition

A

reduces

61
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

62
Q

what is ecological succession?

A

predictable change in community after disturbance

63
Q

what is primary succession?

A

starting over again from rock

64
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

some soil left after disturbance

65
Q

what is cyclical succession?

A

disturbance happens over and over again; depends on the disturbances

66
Q

what is heterotrophic succession?

A

energy is greatest at the beginning, biomass and diversity DECREASE over time

67
Q

what are the three stages of decomposition?

A

autolysis, putrefaction, and dry decay

68
Q

what is autolysis?

A

fermentation changes; release of gases

69
Q

what is putrefaction?

A

body becomes liquidy

70
Q

what is dry decay?

A

all fluid is gone, bones and fur are left

71
Q

what is moraine?

A

glacier debris that allows for growth

72
Q

what are some ways to spot fake news?

A

based on peer reviewed work?
is the data cherry picked?
is denying climate change all they write about?
where was the news published?

bio 213 (19 decks)

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