lab exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the function of circulatory system?
A
transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body and carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues
2
Q
what is a 4 chambered heart?
A
completely seperate right and left atria and ventricles
3
Q
what are vessels?
A
veins and arteries, carry blood to and from the heart
4
Q
what are capillary beds?
A
very small vessels across the walls of which gas and nutrient exchange takes place in the tissues
5
Q
what is an artery?
A
carries blood away from the heart, elastic and muscular
6
Q
what is a vein?
A
carries blood towards heart, thin and not as muscular
7
Q
what are valves?
A
prevent backflow of blood
8
Q
what are capillaries/
A
the smallest blood vessels, beds invade tissues
9
Q
what are lymphatic vessels?
A
some tissue fluid and cells return to large veins in a separate set of vessels
10
Q
what are lymph nodes?
A
lie along lymphatic vessels, sites of production of some white blood cells
11
Q
what is the left atria?
A
receives blood from lungs
12
Q
what is the right atria?
A
receives blood from body
13
Q
what is the right ventricle?
A
pump blood to the lungs
14
Q
what is the left ventricle?
A
pump blood to body
15
Q
which ventricle is more muscular?
A
left bc it has to pump to body
16
Q
what is the precava and postcava?
A
the vein where the blood enters the heart, forward and behind body
17
Q
what valve does blood pass through from the right atria to right ventricle?
A
tricuspid valve
18
Q
what is the pulmonary trunk?
A
thick artery that leads from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries in lungs
19
Q
what valve does blood pass through from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?
A
pulmonary semilunar valve
20
Q
what vein does blood pass through to get to the left atrium?
A
pulmonary veins
21
Q
what valve does blood pass through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
A
bicuspid valve
22
Q
what valve does blood pass through from the left ventricle to aortic arch?
A
aortic semilunar aorta
23
Q
what is the major artery that supplies blood to all organs?
A
dorsal aorta
24
Q
what are the coronary aerties?
A
supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle
25
what is the ductus arteriosus?
connects pulmonary trunk to aorta, only in fetuses, lungs dont work yet
26
what is the foraman ovale?
small hole that passes across from the right ventricle to left atrium
27
what is the allantoic duct?
where nitrogenous wastes are excreted in fetuses
28
what are adrenal glands?
produce hormones, located on top of kidneys, dark blob on stomach
29
what is the adrenal medulla?
inner middle of kidney, secretes adrenaline
30
what is the adrenal cortex?
secretes steroid hormones, inner layer of kidney
31
what is the ureter?
tube from kidneys to bladder
32
what is the bladder?
holds pee, web looking thing between umbilical veins
33
what is the scrotum?
external pouch for testes
34
what is the spermatic cord?
supports the testes
35
what is the vas deferans?
transports mature sperm to the urethra
36
what are the testes?
the glands where sperm and testosterone are produced
37
what is the gubernaculum?
aids in the descent of gonads
38
what is the epididymis?
stores sperm and transports it from the testes
39
what is the function of the urogenitial opening?
bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity
40
what is the function of penile retractor muscles?
pulls the penis back into its sheath after and erection
41
what is the function of seminal vesicles?
holds the seminal fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen
42
what is the function of the prostate gland?
secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen
43
what are cowper's glands?
secretes fluid that helps semen pass through semen and protects it from acidic urine
44
what are ovaries?
produce eggs
45
what are uterine horns?
points where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet
46
what are tears?
secretions lube and clean the eyeball surface
47
what are extrinsic ocular muscles?
control complex movements of the eyeball
48
what is the optic nerve?
transfers visual information to brain
49
what is the sclera?
Gives the eye shape and helps protect delicate inner parts
50
what is the cornea?
protects eye and focuses light
51
what is the iris?
controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina
52
what is the ciliary body?
releases a aqueous humor in the eye
53
what is chorotoid?
absorbs excess light
54
what is the retina?
consists of rods of cones
55
what is the tapetum lucidum?
reflects incoming light back to retina, night vision
56
what is the vitreous body?
keeps retina firmly again choroid
57
the central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
58
the 3 brain regions are?
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
59
what is the cerebrum?
largest part of the brain, divided into 2 halves
60
what is the right brain?
controls imagination, spatial relationships, art shit
61
what is the left brain?
logic language, analysis, quantitative reasoning
62
what is the cerebellum?
functions below the level of consciousness, coordinating body movements, equilibrium, and position of the body
63
what is the medulla oblongata?
merges with spinal cord, contains most of cranial nerves and centers for involuntary function
64
what is the frontal lobe?
controls voluntary movements, language, cognition
65
what is the occipital lobe?
processing visual information
66
what is the temporal lobe?
processing sound and smell
67
what is the parietal lobe?
touch and balance
68
what is the olfactory bulb?
located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity
69
what is the pons?
control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance
70
what is the optic chiasma?
signals from some of the retinal cells of each eye are delivered via the sensory optic nerves to the cerebral hemisphere on the OPPOSITE side of the brain
71
what is the pineal gland?
small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain
72
what is the thalamus?
located between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It works to correlate several important processes, including consciousness, sleep, and sensory interpretation
73
what is the epithalamus?
connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain
74
what is the hypothalamus?
link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
75
what is the function of the nictitaing membrane?
transparent third eyelid that moistens eye and protects
76
what are the three differences between pigs and humans besides appearance?
1. bicournate uterus
2. urogenital opening
3. lack of appendix in pigs
77
how does the fetus get oxygenated blood/breathe/eliminate waste?
umbilical cord
78
what are ungulates?
animals with hooves
79
what is the hard palate?
important for feeding and speech
80
what is the nasopharynx?
connects nose to mouth
81
what is the parotid gland?
largest salivary gland
82
what is the mandibular gland?
salivary gland, under massester muscle
83
what is the glottis?
opening to larynx and trachea
84
what is the epiglottis?
prevents food going into airway
85
what is the thymus gland?
production of T lymphocytes
86
what is the thyroid gland?
secretes thyroxine, endocrine gland
87
what is the trachea?
tube that leads from the glottis to the bronchi and lungs
88
nostrils->pharynx->larynx->trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
ya
89
what is the diaphragm?
separates thoracic and abdominal area, used for inhalator
90
what does the liver do?
secretes bile which aids the digestion of fats
91
what is in the stomach?
HCl-breaks down pepsinogen into pepsin
| pepsin- breaks down proteins into amino acids
92
what is the spleen?
produce red blood cells in fetus and stores and eliminates them in adults
93
what is the rugae?
stomach folds
94
what is the cardiac sphincter?
valve to prevent stomach contents from going up (heartburn if it does go up)
95
what are villi?
microscopic projections thst increase surface in intestines
96
what is the pancreas?
aid in digestion and regulate blood sugar
97
what is the gall bladder?
stores bile
98
what is the large intestine?
absorb water from food
99
what is the duodenum?
receives chyme, digestive enzymes, and bile.
100
what is the jejunum?
products of digestion are absorbed into bloodstream
101
what is the ileum?
absorbs vitaminB12 and bile acids
102
what is the caecum?
a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines
103
what is the spiral colon?
similar to ascending colon in humans, absorbs water and nutrients
104
what is the crop?
used for holding quantities of food before its passed to the intestine
105
what is the gizzard?
helps with mechnical breakdown of hard-to-digest materials
106
what are ruminants?
throws up food to rechew, uses cellulase to break down cellulose
107
what is coprophagy?
partially digested food consumed again
108
what is amylase?
digestive enzyme found in saliva
109
what is the stomach?
holds food and regulates entry of chyme for intestine
110
What is trypsin and sodium bicarbonate?
secreted by pancreas into duodenum to neutralize chyme
111
what is bile?
neutralize chyme
112
what is a lipase?
emulsify lipids
113
what are gills?
fish uses to extract oxygen
114
what the the trachae?
what insects use to get oxygen
115
what is an open circulatory system?
blood bathes the organs in the body cavity rather than using a network of vessels
116
what is spawning?
when females and males release their gonads externally at the same time
117
what are oviparous?
egg laying species
118
what are viviparous?
live birth
119
what is spermatozoa?
male gamete
120
what are intromittant?
an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation
121
what are gonopods?
modified structures used to transfer sperm to female
122
what are hemipenes?
modification of the walls of the cloaca that can engorge with blood
123
what are claspers?
modified appendages of the pelvic fins to deliver sperm
124
what is a pseudocoel?
body cavity in worms
125
what is the typlosole?
facilitates digestion and absorption by increasing the SA in earthworms
126
what is the septa?
dividing walls between segments
127
what is the dorsal blood vessel?
fluids are collected here and reenter the aortic arches
128
what are the adductor muscles for?
clams to open and close their shells
129
what is the mantle?
to enclose and protect the internal organs in calms
130
what is the pericardial sac?
tissue that covers the heart to protect it
131
what is the incurrent siphon?
brings in food-laden oxygenated water
132
what is the excurrent siphon?
sends waste and deoxygenated water out
133
what is a cardiac stomach?
grinds food up
134
what are gonopods?
First pair of swimmerettes, small and used for holding eggs in females, but large in males and used for sperm transfer
135
what are swimmerettes?
Appendages used for swimming locootion and reproduction
136
what is the ventral nerve cord?
Central nervous system
137
what is the pharynx?
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
138
what is the larynx?
the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs
139
what are tube feet?
in locomotion, feeding, and respiration
140
what is the madreporite?
filter water
141
what is the pyloric caecum?
digestive gland
142
what are ampullae?
store the water that enters the vascular system and send it to the minuscule tube feet
143
what is the ring canal?
connects the stone canal and radial canal and carries water from the stone canal to the radial canal in the water vascular system
144
what is the stone canal?
connecting the madreporite with a ring canal
145
what are goblet cells? trachea
secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found
